Introduction (The standard model (SM) of elementary particles. Fermions and bosons in SM.
Units in astrophysics and elementary particle physics. Natural units.) Lagrange formalism
(Introduction. Classical fields. Lagrangian for scalar fields. Conserved quantities from the
Lagrange function. Lorentz-Transformation. Invariance under global gauge transformations.
Noether’s theorem.) Quantized fields (Spinor fields and Dirac equation. Scalar field and Klein-
Gordon equation. Quantization of the scalar field. Vector fields and quantum
electrodynamics: the classical electromagnetic field, lagrangian of the electromagnetic field,
quantization of the electromagnetic field. The evolution operator. Wick’s Theorem. Feynman’s
diagrams. Mott and Rutherford cross-section. The phenomenology of weak interactions.
Lifetime of the neutron and beta-decays. Neutral interactions. Neutrino-electron interaction.
Higgs mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking.) Thermal evolution of the Universe
(Physics at lepton era: a recourse in thermodynamics, thermodynamics of ultra-relativistic
and non-relativistic gases, particle-antiparticle annihilation and neutrino decoupling.
Nucleosynthesis. Recombination: helium-recombination, hydrogen-recombination.) Cosmic
rays (Primary cosmic rays. Secondary cosmic rays. X-rays and γ-rays. The abundances of
cosmic rays. Ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Particle acceleration mechanisms. Interaction
with CMB radiation.) Supernovae and neutron stars (Stellar evolution and supernova
progenitors. Collapse phase. Neutrino emission. Nucleosynthesis in supernovae. Neutron
stars as laboratories for particle physics. Structure of neutron stars: Equation of state and
gravitational equilibrium. Neutrino cooling of neutron stars. Axion cooling of neutron stars.
Physics of neutron star magnetosphere: composition, particle acceleration, synchrotron
emission.) Neutrino physics (Neutrino interactions with matter, cross-section. Neutrino
masses. Solar neutrinos. Supernova neutrinos. Neutrino oscillations and propagation through
matter. Atmospheric neutrinos. Neutrino telescopes, Cherenkov effect in water and ice.
Sources of high-energy neutrinos.)
