. "Cosmology"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Cosmology"@en . . "6.0" . "### Teaching language\n\nEnglish\n\n### Objectives\n\nThe overall objective of this lecture course is to develop in the students an interest in cosmology, communicating to them in a consistent fashion the basic principles as well as the latest developments in this area.\n\n### Learning outcomes and competences\n\nAfter the frequency of this lecture course, students should be able to: understand the fundamental assumptions behind the standard cosmological model; deduce the equations that describe the dynamics of the Universe; describe the observational evidence of the standard cosmological model; understand the successes and limitations of the standard cosmological model; understand the thermodynamic processes most relevant in cosmology, in particular recombination and primordial nucleosynthesis; describe the observational constraints on cosmological parameters and their consequences for the evolution of the Universe; understand the relevance of scalar fields in cosmology, particularly in solving some of the problems of the standard cosmological model; understand the linear and nonlinear evolution of fluctuations in the density of matter in different eras and scales; understand the mechanisms responsible for the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background and its relation to the large-scale structure of Universe; describe the observational evidence for dark matter and dark energy. This course also aims to develop a wide range of complementary skills in various areas, such as personal and inter-personal organization, written and oral communication, culture in physics and astronomy and the search and selection of bibliography.\n\n### Working method\n\nPresencial\n\n### Program\n\n**1\\. Introduction**\n\n1.1 Basic concepts in Astronomy\n\n1.2 Relevant observations for Cosmology\n\n1.3 Revison of concepts in Special and General Relativity\n\n**2\\. The expanding Universe**\n\n2.1 The cosmological principle\n\n2.2 The Robertson-Walker metric\n\n2.3 The cosmological redshift\n\n2.4 Peculiar velocities\n\n2.5 Equation of state\n\n**3\\. Relativistic cosmology**\n\n3.1 Friedmann equation: deduction and solutions\n\n3.2 Cosmological horizons and the age of the Universe\n\n3.3 Angular and luminosity cosmological distances\n\n**4\\. The primordial Universe**\n\n4.1 Cronology\n\n4.2 Particles in thermal equilibrium\n\n4.3 Entropy\n\n4.4 Decoupling of relativistic and non-relativistic particles\n\n4.5 Primordial nucleosynthesis\n\n4.6 The cosmic microwave background\n\n**5\\. Inflation**\n\n5.1 Problems in the standard cosmological model\n\n5.2 Inflationary models\n\n**6\\. Large-scale structure formation in the Universe**\n\n6.1 Linear evolution of density perturbations\n\n6.2 Transfer functions\n\n6.3 Evolution of non-linear density perturbations\n\n6.4 Statistical description of density and velocity fields\n\n6.5 Observational characterization of large-scale structure: distribution of galaxies, properties of the intergalactic medium, gravitational lensing.\n\n6.6 Temperature and polarization anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background\n\n6.7 Estimation of observational cosmological parameters: general methods, baryon acoustic oscillations and properties of galaxy clusters.\n\n### Mandatory literature\n\nRoos Matts; [Introduction to cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000263009 \"Introduction to cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-470-84910-X \nLiddle Andrew; [An introduction to modern cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000263013 \"An introduction to modern cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-470-84835-9 \nRyden Barbara; [Introduction to cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000291071 \"Introduction to cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-8053-8912-1 \n\n### Complementary Bibliography\n\nWeinberg Steven 1933-; [Cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000285334 \"Cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 978-0-19-852682-7 \nDodelson Scott; [Modern cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000279002 \"Modern cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-12-219141-2 \nPeacock J. A.; [Cosmological physics](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000228133 \"Cosmological physics (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-521-42270-1 \nMo Houjun; [Galaxy formation and evolution](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000295217 \"Galaxy formation and evolution (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 9780521857932 \nColes Peter; [Cosmology](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000259888 \"Cosmology (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-471-48909-3 \n\n### Teaching methods and learning activities\n\nIn the lecture classes the contents in the program are taught and their application clarified through examples.\n\n### keywords\n\nPhysical sciences > Astronomy > Cosmology \n\n### Evaluation Type\n\nEvaluation with final exam\n\n### Assessment Components\n\nExam: 100,00%\n\n### Amount of time allocated to each course unit\n\nFrequência das aulas: 42,00 hours\n**Total:**: 42,00 hours\n\n### Eligibility for exams\n\nPresence in at least 75% of the lectures.\n\n### Calculation formula of final grade\n\nThe assessment for the Cosmology lecture course consists of a final exam. The final classification in this course will be equal to the classification obtained in the final exam.\n\nMore information at: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/ucurr_geral.ficha_uc_view?pv_ocorrencia_id=498809" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Master in Astronomy and Astrophysics"@en . . "https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_origem=cur&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_curso_id=871" . "120"^^ . "Presential"@en . "The main objective of the Master of Astronomy is to complement and extend the training of graduate students in astronomy, physics, mathematics and related fields. In particular, in order to improve their preparation for a research career in Astronomy, through their subsequent enrolment in a Doctoral Programme in Astronomy.\n\n### Admissions Requirements\n\nApplicants to the Second Cycle (Master) in Astronomy must hold a First Cycle (Bachelor) degree (minimum of 180 ECTS credits) or equivalent (including higher education foreign degrees), whose curriculum includes at least 30 ECTS credits, or equivalent, in Mathematics and Physics, including a minimum of 12 ECTS credits in each of these scientific areas. Candidates that may verify these conditions before the end of the registration period in the Master in Astronomy can also apply. Holders of an academic, scientific or professional curriculum that is recognised as attesting the capacity to successfully complete this cycle of studies by the Scientific Committee of the Master in Astronomy may also be admitted. \n\n### Criteria for Selection and Ranking\n\nThe ranking will be done according to the following criteria and sub-criteria:\n\n* 1.1 - Academic curriculum (training area and average grade) (80%)\n * 1.1.1 - Subcriterion 1: training area (40%)\n * 1.1.2 - Subcriterion 2: average and adequacy of the degree (40%)\n* 1.2 - Scientific curriculum and professional experience (20%)\n * 1.2.1 - Subcriterion 1: technical and/or scientific publications and communications (10%)\n * 1.2.2 - Subcriterion 2: participation in research projects, internships in the area of the cycle of studies or other relevant professional experience (10%)\n\n \nNote: Candidates who do not yet hold a Bachelor's degree and/or have an academic, scientific or professional curriculum which is recognized as attesting the capacity to carry out this cycle of studies by the statutory competent scientific body, will be ranked according to the criteria and subcriteria indicated above, with the difference that the final average mark of the degree will be replaced by the weighted average mark of all curricular units completed to date. \n \n**Candidates' tiebreaker criterion:** greater number of ECTS credits obtained in the area of the cycle of studies.\n\n### Teaching Language\n\n* Fully in English\n\n### Information\n\nIt is highly desirable that candidates possess programming skills and a good written and oral command of the English language.\n\n### Contacts\n\nCourse Director: m.ast.diretor@fc.up.pt\n\nPostgraduate Section: pos.graduacao@fc.up.pt\n\nStudents: m.ast@fc.up.pt\n\n### General information\n\n* Information for applicants: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_info_cand_view?pv_curso_id=871&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\nDirector: Catarina Lobo\n\nAcronym: M:A_ASTR\n\nAcademic Degree: Master\n\nType of course/cycle of study: Masters Degree\n\nStart: 2007/2008\n\nDuration: 4 Semesters\n\n### Study Plan\n\n* Plano de Estudos oficial desde 2013/14: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_planos_estudos_view?pv_plano_id=6001&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\n* All Courses of Study: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_planos_estudos_list?pv_curso_id=871&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\n### Certificates\n\n* Master's degree in Astronomy and Astrophysics (120 ECTS credits)\n* Specialization in Astronomy and Astrophysics (66 ECTS credits)\n\n### Predominant Scientific Areas\n\n* Astronomy\n* Physics"@en . . . . "2"@en . "FALSE" . . . "Master"@en . "Thesis" . "1300.00" . "Euro"@en . "3750.00 (International) / 2250.00 (CPLP)" . "Recommended" . "* Researcher: Researchers in astronomy work on a variety of projects, from studying the formation of stars and galaxies to searching for exoplanets. They typically work in universities, research institutes, or government agencies.\n* Engineer: Engineers in astronomy develop and build instruments for astronomical observations. They also work on software for data analysis and visualization.\n* Consultant: Consultants in astronomy work with businesses and government agencies to apply astronomical knowledge to solve problems. For example, they may help to develop new technologies for space exploration or to assess the risks of asteroid impacts.\n* Science communicator: Science communicators in astronomy share the excitement of astronomy with the public through writing, public speaking, and media appearances. They may work in museums, science centers, or the media."@en . "1"^^ . "TRUE" . "Upstream"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .