. "Computer Science"@en . . "Astronomy"@en . . "English"@en . . "Stellar structure and evolution"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE2 - Understand the structure and evolution of stars\nCE3 - Understand the mechanisms of nucleosynthesis\nGeneral Competencies\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nTopics (headings):\n\n1. Stellar observables\n2. Stellar structure equations\n3. Gas equation of state\n4. Thermonuclear power generation\n5. Simple stellar models\n6. The stability of stars\n7. Stellar interior conditions and relationships of homology\n8. Stellar evolution: early evolutionary states\n9. Stellar evolution: late evolutionary states\n10. The end of massive stars: supernovae, pulsars and black holes\n11. Binary stars" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Stellar atmospheres"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE9 - Understand the instrumentation used to observe the Universe in the different frequency ranges\nGeneral Competencies\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Lecturer: ARTEMIO HERRERO\n- Topics (headings):\n1.- Spectral Types. Stellar atmospheres in Astrophysics.\n2.- The radiative transport equation. Absorption and emission coefficients. Optical depth. Source function\n3.- Atomic populations. ETL and NETL. Statistical Equilibrium Equations.\n4.- Atmosphere models in hydrostatic equilibrium\n5.- Deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium: Stellar winds\n6.- Spectral analysis" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Galactic physics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE4 - Understand the structure and evolution of galaxies\nGeneral Competencies\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nTheoretical contents of the subject \nProfessor: Dr. Emma Fernández Alvar (Topics 1-4)\nProfessor: Dr Arianna di Cintio (Topics 5-9)\nIntroduction to the concept of galaxy and stellar populations\nFundamentals of resolved stellar population analysis: HR diagram\nInitial Function of Masses and ingredients of population synthesis\nPotential theory\nComponents of the Milky Way: morphology and kinematics\nKinematics of the solar neighborhood and solar motion: Oort constants\nRotation of the galactic disk: gas component\nTheories about the formation and evolution of the Milky Way\nDynamics of star systems: dynamic evolution of globular clusters\nPractical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Dr. Jairo Méndez Abreu\nPractice 1: Study of stellar populations resolved using data from the Gaia DR3 database\nPractice 2: Analysis of gravitational potentials and calculation of orbits in stars of the Milky Way" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Extragalactic physics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE5 - Understand the models of the origin and evolution of the Universe\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nProfessor: Jairo Méndez Abreu\nTopics:\n\n1. Introduction to galaxy observations\n - Introduction to the concept of galaxy \n - Physical units and basic equations\n - Basic principles of photometry and relationship between apparent and intrinsic quantities\n - Redshift, Hubble's law and distance measurements\n2 Photometric and morphological properties of galaxies\n - Hubble diagram (properties)\n - Modern classifications of galaxies\n - Galactic structures and formation of bulges, bars and disks\n - Photometric decompositions\n - Luminosity functions of galaxies.\n3. Kinematic and dynamical properties of galaxies\n - Determination of the kinematics of gas and stars
\n - Rotation curves and velocity dispersion in galaxies\n - Angular momentum of galaxies along the Hubble sequence\n4. Properties of the stellar populations of galaxies\n - History of star formation and populations simple stars\n - Synthesis of stellar populations\n 5. Observational characteristics of galaxies\n 5.1 Properties of spiral galaxies\n - Basic photometric and structural properties \n - Content in atomic, molecular and dust gas \n - Stellar populations \n - Scaling relationships \n 5.2. Properties of early type galaxies\n - Basic photometric and structural properties\n - Kinematic and dynamical properties\n - Stellar populations\n - Gas and dust\n - Scaling relationships\n6. Galaxy clusters \n - Main properties of galaxy clusters\n - Scaling relationships in galaxy clusters \n - Environment dependence on properties of galaxies \n - Evolution of galaxies in clusters\n - Pre-processing Professor: Arianna Di Cintio Topics: 7. Formation of structures and galaxies in the Universe - Large-scale structure - Formation of dark matter halos - Press-Schechter formalism\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n - Properties of dark matter haloes\n - Hierarchical structure and internal structure of dark matter haloes (density profiles)\n - Baryon physics: gas cooling, star formation and feedback processes\n - Internal structure of galaxies and haloes in the presence of baryons (adiabatic contraction and expansion)\n8. Introduction to models of galaxy formation and large-scale structure \n - Theoretical models of galaxy formation \n - N-body simulations\n - Semi-analytical models -\n Hydrodynamic simulations\n - Galaxies in the Local Universe: Local Group Simulations\n - Problems of the standard cosmological model at the scale of Local Groups (\" missing satellite problem \", number and radial distribution of satellites, satellite density profiles, \" cusp-core \" problem)\n9. Active galactic nuclei (AGN)\n - Classification of types of AGN\n - Unified model and its improvements\n10. The Universe at high redshift\n - Galaxies at high redshift: morphology, kinematics, Lyman-break galaxies, Lyman-alpha emitters, ULIRG\n - Evolution of galactic properties with redshift \n - Evolution diagram Hubble\n - Evolution \"M-size relation\"\n - Evolution of the main sequence" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Basic computational techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE8 - Know how to program, at least, in a relevant language for scientific calculation in Astrophysics\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nThe theoretical and practical contents of the subject are divided into the following topics:\n\nTopic 1. Introduction to programming with Python\n 1.1 Introduction to programming languages\n ​​1.2 Installation and startup\n 1.3 Data types\n 1.4 Operators\n 1.5 Modules\n 1.6 Operations and data structure\n 1.7 Control flow statements\n 1.8 Reading and writing files\n 1.9 User-defined functions\n 1.10 Running codes with exceptions\n 1.11 Passing arguments on the command line\n 1.12 Classes\n 1.13 Graphs\n\nTopic 2. Statistical analysis of data\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Libraries\n 2.3 Material\n 2.4 Previous concepts: measurement; precision and accuracy; random and systematic errors; observable; bias; estimator; noise; data model\n 2.5 Characterization of measurements: mean value, median and mode; deviations; variance; significance; covariance matrix\n 2.6 Probability density distribution functions: continuous and discrete distributions; representation of distributions; obliquity/skewness and kurtosis; exercises\n 2.7 Probability functions: sampling of probability functions\n\nTopic 3. Linear and nonlinear adjustments\n 3.1 Method of least squares\n 3.2 Nonlinear functions\n\nTopic 4. Bayesian statistics\n 4.1 Information and entropy\n 4.2 Distance between probability functions\n 4.3 Bayesian Inference: axioms of probability theory; Bayes theorem; model comparison: evidence; steps in Bayesian inference; sampling of a lognormal-Poisson function\n\nTopic 5. Fourier analysis\n 5.1 Introduction\n 5.2 Fourier theorem\n 5.3 Properties: convolution; Fourier transform and differential operators; famous transformations; filters; discrete Fourier transform; algorithms; bookstores" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Basic observational techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE2 - Understand the structure and evolution of stars\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX7 - Apply the different techniques that allow us to obtain physical information about the Universe from the spectrum\nCX8 - Understand the structure and evolution of nebulae and other large objects\nCX9 - Understand advanced astrophysical instrumentation including cutting-edge telescopes and detectors and adaptive optics techniques\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1. Photometry concepts: filters, detectors, photometric systems, atmospheric extinction correction and photometry calibration.\n\n2. Preparation of photometric observations with the IAC80 telescope of the Teide Observatory.\n\n3. Reduction of CCD photometric images with PyRAF.\n - Previous corrections.\n - Image alignment.\n \n4. Aperture photometry applied to CCD images of a star cluster." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Basic instrumentation"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Ramón J. García López\n\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1. Introduction\nAstrophysics as an observational science – Organization and program of the subject\nEvaluation criteria\nBibliography\n2. Telescopes\n Introduction to telescopes\nGeometric optics for telescopes\nAberrations in centered systems\nDiffraction theory of image formation\nMost used telescope and mount designs\n3. Measurement of the signal in Astrophysics\nGeneralities\nDetectors with a single element of spatial resolution\ntwo-dimensional detectors\ninfrared detectors\n4. Photometry\nGeneralities\nphotoelectric photometry\nFilters\nobservational techniques\nphotometric systems\nCCD photometry\n5. Spectroscopy\nGeneralities\ndispersive elements\nDiffraction grating spectrographs" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Cosmology"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE5 - Understand the models of the origin and evolution of the Universe\nGeneral Competencies\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nTopics (headings):\n1.- The observable universe\n2.- Relativity applied to the universe\n3.- Cosmological models\n4.- Cosmometry\n5.- The primordial universe\n6.- The early universe\n7.- Basic concepts of cosmic radiation from background and the formation of structures" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Spectroscopy techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE2 - Understand the structure and evolution of stars\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX7 - Apply the different techniques that allow us to obtain physical information about the Universe from the spectrum\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Topics:\n\n1. Introduction to instrumentation and observation techniques in optical spectroscopy.\n Processing of optical astronomical spectra with CCD detectors (the IRAF astronomical data reduction package and Python are used).\n Visual extragalactic spectroscopy practice. Correction of instrumental effects. Wavelength and flow calibration. Spectra extraction.\n Spectrum analysis: line adjustments, determination of speeds, equivalent widths, flows and intensities.\n\n2. Introduction to spectroscopy techniques in the infrared (IR) range.\n Practice of extragalactic spectroscopy in the IR (the IRAF astronomical data reduction package is used).\n Correction of instrumental effects. Calibration, extraction and analysis of spectra.\n\n3. Introduction to spectropolarimetry techniques. \n Solar spectropolarimetry practice. Inference of the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere by means of the spectroscopic traces in the Stokes parameters. Measurement of the thermodynamic properties of the solar surface." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Ionized nebulae"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE4 - Understand the structure and evolution of galaxies\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX8 - Understand the structure and evolution of nebulae and other large objects\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n1. INTRODUCTION\n2. IONIZATION BALANCE: Nebula of pure H. H and He nebula. Presence of heavy elements. Ionization parameter.\n3. THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM: Energy gain by photoionization. Cooling processes. Collisional excitation lines. Resulting thermal balance.\n4. SPECTRUM OF A NEBULA: Optical recombination lines. Continuous spectrum in the optic. Continuous spectrum and lines in radio. Radiation transport and collisional excitation effects on the lines. Fluorescence.\n5. CALCULATION OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES: Correction for redness due to dust. Electronic temperature and density. Chemical abundances. Empirical calibrations for determining abundances. Analysis of ionizing stellar radiation and calculation of other magnitudes.\n6. TYPES OF PHOTOIONIZED NEBULAS: HII regions. Planetary Nebulae. Nova Shells. Supernova Remnants." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "High energy astrophysics and astroparticles"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX12 - Understand the origin of high-energy particles and astroparticles and their diagnostic potential\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nProfessor: Dr. Pablo Rodríguez Gil\n\nTopics\n\n1. RADIATION PROCESSES AND COSMIC SOURCES: Accretion. accreditation sources. Non-accrediting sources. Other X-ray sources. Other gamma ray sources.\n\n2. DETECTION SYSTEMS: Nature of gamma ray detection. Interaction of matter with gamma rays. Detectors (semiconductors, scintillation counters, etc). Shielding and collimation. Practical limitations.\n\n3. IMAGE TECHNIQUES: Quasi-images. Collimated detectors. Direct imaging methods. Detectors capable of forming an image. Image modulators.\n\n4. SENSITIVITY IN THE CONTINUOUS AND IN EMISSION LINES: Calculation of sensitivity. Sensitivity in the continuum. Parameters associated with the sensitivity of the telescope. Sensitivity in spectral lines.\n\n5. SPACE MISSIONS: Orbit selection. Mission Life. Shuttle capacity. Other technical factors.\n\n6. PRACTICAL PROJECT IN AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM: Definition of the mission. scientific objectives. Detectors. Sensitivity estimates. Efficiency. Design optimization\n\nProfessor Dr. Ramón J. García López and professor Dr. Josefa Becerra González\n\nTopics\n\n1. The violent Universe.\n\n2. Cosmic rays.\n\n3. Very high energy gamma rays.\n\n4. Astrophysical objects with very high energies.\n\n5. Techniques for observing cosmic rays and gamma rays.\n\n6. Telescopes and instruments." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Numerical simulation techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE8 - Know how to program, at least, in a relevant language for scientific calculation in Astrophysics\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX2 - Apply knowledge of computer science, physics, astrophysics and computing to build numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena or scenarios\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nProfessor: Dr. Christopher BA Brook\nModule 1: Review of the principles of galactic dynamics. Introduction of methods to solve the equations of motion of N-body systems. Introduction of the tree method Practices: Using publicly available simulation codes to form galaxies. Create initial conditions. Simulation and analysis of a galaxy formation model.\n\nProfessor: Dr. Claudio Dalla Vecchia\nModule 2: Schemes and numerical codes. Convergence and stability of a numerical code. Practice: Simulate N-body interactions. Create an N-body code and apply it to model the spread of viruses to plantation systems and galaxies.\n\nProfessor: Dr. Isaac Alonso Asensio\nModule 3: Elementary concepts. Gas equations. Discretization of the equations through finite differences. Conservative form of the gas equations; CFL criteria. Practice: construction of a one-dimensional code to solve the gas equations and basic application." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Physics of compact objects and accretion processes"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX4 - Understand the Physics that explains compact objects and accretion disks.\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Lecturer: Dr. Ignacio González Martínez-Pais\n\nModule I: Physics of Compact Objects\n\n1.- REVIEW OF THE PHYSICS OF DEGENERATE MATTER. Fermion gases at low temperature. Chandrasekhar equation of state.\n2.- WHITE DWARFS. Introduction. polytropes. Chandrasekhar model. Electrostatic corrections. Results on white dwarf models. Cooling of white dwarfs.\n3.- EQUATIONS OF STATE OF CONDENSED MATTER. Introduction. Equations of state up to the \"neutron drip\". Equations of state above the \"neutron drip\". \n4.- NEUTRON STARS. Introduction. Neutron star models. Internal structure. pulsars.\n5.- BLACK HOLES. Introduction. Schwarzschild black holes. Kerr black holes. Black hole thermodynamics.\n\n- Professor: Dr. Pablo Rodríguez Gil\n- Topics (headings):\n\nModule II: Accretion Processes\n\n6.- ACCRETION: BASIC CONCEPTS. Introduction. The Eddington limit. spherical accretion. Non-spherical accretion.\n7.- THIN ACCRETION DISCS. Introduction. The hypotheses. radial structure. Energy balance. The Shakura and Sunyaev model. instabilities.\n8.- OTHER ACCRETIONAL STRUCTURES. Introduction. Advective flows. The boundary layer. Magnetic accretion\n9.- ACCRETION IN BINARY SYSTEMS. Roche's potential. Mass transfer. Cataclysmic Variables. X-ray binaries." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Structure of the universe on a large scale"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE5 - Understand the models of the origin and evolution of the Universe\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX5 - Understanding the structure of the Universe on a Large Scale\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Juan Eugenio Betancort Rijo\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1 Initial density fluctuations: random fields. Gravitational growth of density fluctuations in the linear regime.\n2 Formation of structures in a purely baryon universe: Jeans mass; Silk cushioning; difficulties.\n3 Dark matter: observations that indicate its existence.\n4 Formation of structures with hot dark matter: \"free streaming\"; resolution of the difficulties of the purely baryon model; difficulties.\n5 Tempered dark matter: \"stagnant expansion\"; issues.\n6 Cold dark matter: transfer function.\n7 Spherical collapse model for the formation of virialized objects.\n8 Cosmic mass function: Press-Schechter formalism.\n9 Two-point correlation function of galaxies: relationship to the power spectrum." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Radio astronomy"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE2 - Understand the structure and evolution of stars\nCE9 - Understand the instrumentation used to observe the Universe in the different frequency ranges\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX11 - Understand the techniques used by radio astronomy\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nIntroduction and basic concepts (6 hours)\nHistorical perspective. Main discoveries.\nThe atmospheric window of radio waves. Main astrophysical processes of radio emission.\nBasic definitions. Specific intensity. Flux density. Total intensity. Total flow. Spectral luminosity. bolometric luminosity.\nBlack body emission. Planck's Law. RJ approach. Brightness temperature.\nRadiative transport equation.\nAtmospheric absorption and emission.\nRadio telescopes and radiometers (8 hours)\nGeneral design of a radio telescope. Mount, optics, front-end, back-end.\nReception diagram. Main lobe, lateral lobes. Angular resolution. Antenna solid angle, main lobe, and beam efficiency.\nReciprocity theorem.\nGain and directivity. Effective opening and opening efficiency.\nAntenna temperature and system temperature. Flow measured by the antenna. Antenna sensitivity.\nDissipated noise in a radiometer. White noise and 1/f noise. Gain fluctuations. Nyquist's theorem. noise temperature.\nEquation of the ideal radiometer. Real radiometer equation. Sensitivity and signal to noise.\nBroadcasting processes in the radio-continuum (8 hours)\nBlackbody thermal emission. Equilibrium temperature. Astrophysical applications: radio emission of the calm Sun, planets, Moon.\nPseudothermal emission from interstellar dust.\nFree-free issue. Emission produced by an accelerated charge (Larmor equation). Optically thin and optically thick regime. Astrophysical applications: H II regions.\nSynchrotron emission. Total power emitted. Spectrum. Astrophysical applications: supernova remnants.\nCosmic Microwave Background. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in galaxy clusters.\nOther general astrophysics applications. Streaming from our galaxy. Global galaxy emission. Population from extragalactic sources.\nSpectral lines (8 hours)\nRadiative transport in lines. Einstein coefficients. Excitation temperature.\nAtomic lines. 21cm line of the H I. Recombination lines in radius. Astrophysical applications: rotation curves, interactions, reionization tomography, line intensity mapping , determination of relative abundances.\nMolecular lines. Issuance processes. CO and isotopes line. H2, H2O and other molecular lines. Astrophysical applications: study of molecular clouds, mapping of the Milky Way with H2 and CO." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exoplanets and exobiology"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nCG8 - Possess the necessary foundation to undertake further studies with a high degree of autonomy, both from scientific training (carrying out a master's and/or doctorate), and from professional activity.\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX10 - Know the methods used to detect extrasolar planets and the tools of exobiology\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n1. Substellar objects: Introduction. Star and substellar formation. Physical properties and evolution of substellar objects. Observation of substellar objects. (Professor: Dr. Víctor Sánchez Béjar, Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC))\n2. The Solar System. Structure of the Solar System. Physical characteristics of the planets. rocky planets. giant planets. Asteroids and minor objects. (Professor: Dr. Hannu Parviainen, IAC)\n3. Planet formation models. Exoplanet formation mechanisms. (Professor: Dr. Hannu Parviainen, IAC)\n4. Search for exoplanets: Introduction. direct methods. Astrometry, Chronometry and Microlensing. Radial speed. transits. Phase curves and secondary transits (Professor: Dr. David Nespral, IAC)\n5. Practice: Characterization of exoplanets from observational data. (Professor: Dr. Hannu Parviainen, IAC)\n6. Planetary atmospheres I. Atmospheres of the Solar System: Atmospheres of terrestrial planets. The atmosphere of Venus. Earth's atmosphere. Composition and energy balance. The albedo and the greenhouse effect. The atmosphere of Mars. The atmospheres of giant planets. (Professor: Ms. Emma Esparza-Borges, IAC)\n7. Planetary atmospheres II. Evolution of planetary atmospheres: Plate tectonics and the C-Si cycle. Evolution of the atmosphere of Mars. Evolution of the atmosphere of Venus. Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and life. Exoplanet atmospheres. (Teacher: Ms. Emma Esparza-Borges, IAC)\n8. Life and biomarkers: Astrobiology. Atmospheric and surface biomarkers. The Earthsine and the specter of a habitable planet. Earth over time. Probability of existence of life. (Professor: Dr. Juan Antonio Belmonte, IAC)\n9. Thermal habitability zone: Introduction. The concept of habitable zone. The greenhouse effect. Planets capable of supporting life. Tectonic plates. The CO2 cycle. The end of life on Earth.\n10. Dynamic habitable zone: The dynamics of the Solar System. Formation of planetary systems and life. Location of habitable planets. The origin of the water. Habitability in the Solar System. Extinctions: impacts and volcanism. Galactic habitable zone (Professor: Dr. Juan Antonio Belmonte, IAC)\nThe influence of radiation: Ionizing radiation. The Heliosphere. Effects of radiation on living beings. The origin of life (Professor: Dr. Juan Antonio Belmonte, IAC)\n11. Observation and data analysis technique: spectrophotometry (Professor: Ms. Emma Esparza-Borges, IAC)" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Extension of quantum mechanics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Lecturers: Dr. Vicente Delgado Borges and Dr. Santiago Brouard Martín\n\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1. Approximate methods for time-dependent problems: Fermi's Golden Rule\n2. Identical Particle Systems: Second Quantization\n3. Collision Theory: Central Potentials\n4. Basic experiments: EPR, entanglement" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Atoms, molecules and photons"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\nCX14 - Understand the interrelation between atoms, molecules and radiation and diagnostic tools for the state of matter from the spectrum\nCX16 - Understand the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation and the dynamics of charged particles\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor:\nDr. Javier Hernández Rojas\n- Topics (headings):\n1. Quantification of the electromagnetic field. Photons.\n2. States of the field.\n3. Radiation-matter interaction.\n4. One- and two-photon absorption processes.\n5. Two-level atom interacting with a radiation field.\n6. Master Equation. Evolution of populations and coherences: Rabi oscillations.\n7. Point groups: molecular symmetry.\n8. Polyatomic molecules: electronic, vibrational and rotational structure.\n9. Molecular spectroscopy.\n10. Molecules of astrophysical interest." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Extension of statistical physics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\nCX17 - Apply theory to characterize the structural and optical properties of materials in the laboratory\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Daniel Alonso Ramírez and Antonia Ruiz García\n\n* Basic kinetic theory (Newtonian & Relativist).\n* Statistical Physics of degenerate systems and in the presence of gravity, high-density matter (white dwarfs and neutron stars).\n* Systems in interaction.\n* Phase transitions.\n* Systems far from equilibrium. Fluctuations (fundamental theorems).\n* Thermal states in accelerated systems and/or in the presence of gravity." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Quantum theory of condensed matter"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\nCX14 - Understand the interrelation between atoms, molecules and radiation and diagnostic tools for the state of matter from the spectrum\nCX16 - Understand the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation and the dynamics of charged particles\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Fernando Delgado Acosta\n- Topics:\nSymmetry in crystals. Theory of crystalline solids.\nBorn-Oppenheimer approximation. Ionic and electronic Hamiltonian.\nVibrations in the network. Experimental techniques to investigate the vibration spectrum.\nElectrons in a lattice: Non-interacting electrons in a periodic lattice.\nElectrons in a periodic lattice and the Bragg-Laue condition.\nApproximation of localized electrons: \" tight-binding \" models.\nBloch's theorem: effective mass, speed of electrons. \nBand theory: band filling, material classification.\ninteracting electrons\nSecond quantization: fermionic and bosonic field operators.\nMedium field approaches. Hartree, Hartree-Fock. Exchange and correlation. Density functional theory.\nLinear response theory. Dielectric function and magnetic susceptibility.\nTransport.\nSemiclassical transport: Boltzman equation. Conductivity and heat conduction.\nElectromagnetic waves in high magnetic fields.\nQuantum transport. Ballistic transport. Landauer formula and quantization of conductance. Tunneling and Coulomb blockage regime .\nOptical properties\nReview of fundamental relationships for optical phenomena.\nContribution of free charges. Plasmons. Interband transitions.\nLight absorption in solids. Impurities. Luminescence and photoconductivity.\n\nPractices preferably applied to materials of geophysical or astrophysical interest, although initially simple systems will be used as a model to obtain results in a reasonable time. Emphasis will be placed on the choice of the case study, its current state and the establishment of viable objectives according to the knowledge and means available." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Computational astrophysics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE8 - Know how to program, at least, in a relevant language for scientific calculation in Astrophysics\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX2 - Apply knowledge of computer science, physics, astrophysics and computing to build numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena or scenarios\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1. COMPUTER SIMULATION AND \"MACHINE LEARNING\" METHODS AS TOOLS IN ASTROPHYSICS.\n\n2. NUMERICAL PRACTICES IN (DEPENDING ON THE ENTITY OF THE PRACTICE, 1 OR MORE WILL BE CARRIED OUT):\n\n- STELLAR PHYSICS.\n- INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND PHYSICS OF GALAXIES\n- EXTRAGALACTIC PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY\n- OTHER APPLICATIONS." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Physics of cosmic plasma"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX1 - Understand the structure and properties of Astrophysical Plasmas\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n1. INTRODUCTION. Definition of plasma. Basic phenomena in a plasma. Criteria to define a plasma. Plasmas in nature and in the laboratory.\n\n2.- DYNAMICS OF A CHARGED PARTICLE. General equations. Static and uniform electromagnetic field. Non-uniform magnetostatic field. Electric field varying in time.\n\n3.- MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT EQUATIONS. The generalized transport equation. Conservation equations. The cold plasma model. The hot plasma model.\n\n4.- BASIC PHENOMENA IN A PLASMA. Electronic oscillations. Debye shielding. Envelope of a plasma. Plasma probes.\n\n5.- CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION IN A PLASMA. The Langevin equation. Conductivity in direct and alternating current. Plasma as a dielectric. Free diffusion. Ambipolar diffusion. Completely ionized plasmas\n\n6.- PLASMA AS A CONDUCTING FLUID. Macroscopic variables of a conductive fluid. Conservation equations. Magnetohydrodynamic equations. Simplified equations of magnetohydrodynamics.\n\n7.- MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS. Induction equation. Freezing of the magnetic field. Magnetic field diffusion.\n\n8.- WAVES IN HOMOGENEOUS PLASMAS. Magnetohydrodynamic waves: Alfvén and magnetoacoustic waves.\n\n9.- STABILITY OF A PLASMA. Equilibrium configurations of a plasma. instabilities." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Classical electrodynamics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Vicente Daniel Rodríguez Armas\n- Topics (headings):\n1. Electromagnetic response of material means. Constitution Relations. Response function, causality, dispersion, complex permittivity, Kramers-Kronig relations. Experimental determination of permittivity.\n2. Classical treatment of the radiation-matter interaction. Classical Lorentz models, plasma frequency. Comparison with results of quantum treatment, interband and intraband electronic transitions.\n3. Plasmas and metals. Plasmas, Lorentz Model. Optical properties of metals. Drude model. Doped semiconductors. Plasma Oscillations, Plasmons.\n4. Semiconductors and insulators. Fundamental absorption edge in direct gap materials. Direct transitions with energies higher than the gap. Fundamental absorption edge in indirect gap materials." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Large object astrophysics techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX8 - Understand the structure and evolution of nebulae and other large objects\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Teachers: Ismael Pérez Fournon (coordinator), Emma Esparza Borges and Fernando Tinaut Ruano. Emma and Fernando will help in the organization and supervision of practices in the observatories and in the reduction and analysis of data in the Student Calculation Center of the Department of Astrophysics.\n\n- Theoretical/practical topics:\n\n1) Main observational techniques in all ranges of the spectrum and astronomical data files.\n\n2) Virtual Observatory.\n\n3) Spectroscopy techniques: multi-object, integral field.\n\n4) Reduction and analysis of astronomical data from CCD image.\n\n5) Practice of photometry of galaxies and transient cosmic sources using the IAC80 telescopes (Teide Observatory, Tenerife), Isaac Newton (Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma), Las Cumbres Observatory and data from public astronomical archives.\n\n6) Practice of preparing an observation proposal." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Complementary activities to research"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nGeneral Competencies\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB9 - That students know how to communicate their conclusions, and the knowledge and ultimate reasons that support them, to specialized and non-specialized audiences in a clear and unambiguous way\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX2 - Apply knowledge of computer science, physics, astrophysics and computing to build numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena or scenarios\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX9 - Understand advanced astrophysical instrumentation including cutting-edge telescopes and detectors and adaptive optics techniques\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professors: María Jesús Arévalo Morales, Josefa Becerra González\n\n- Topics (headings):\n1. Seminars: Every week, a researcher from the Department or the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands will present to the students in a talk the state of research in their field of research. work, describing his personal contributions.\n2. Tutored practices in observatories: Each student will attend observations (preferably with advanced instrumentation at the Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory and/or the Teide Observatory) assigned to a real research project. Prior to the observations, she will meet with the research team and become familiar with the observation proposal. Additionally, she will participate alongside professional astronomers in observations for one or two nights, learning field work at the observatory." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Spectropolarimetry in astrophysics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE9 - Understand the instrumentation used to observe the Universe in the different frequency ranges\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX3 - Understand the origin of polarized radiation and the methods to obtain information about magnetic fields in the Cosmos\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Dr. José Alberto Rubiño Martín\n\n- Topics:\n\n1. INTRODUCTION. Observation of polarized light in astrophysics. Examples: Sun, stars, Milky Way, other galaxies, cosmic microwave background. Review of Maxwell's equations. Description of polarized light. Stokes parameters.\n\n2. SPECTROPOLARIMETERS: Polarimeter prototype. Retarders and polarizers. Jones matrices. Mueller matrices. Examples of devices in optical and radio. Description of systematic errors in real devices.\n\n3. POLARIZATION IN THE CONTINUOUS: Fresnel equations: Reflection and refraction. Expedited charges. Bremsstrahlung. Polarization by scattering Rayleigh, Thomson. Cyclotron and synchrotron radiation. Propagation effects (Faraday rotation). Other effects of astrophysical interest: examples and applications.\n\n- Lecturer: Dr. Tanausú del Pino Alemán\n\n- Lessons:\n\n4. POLARIZATION IN ATOMIC LINES: Quantum model of an atomic transition. Selection rules. Zeeman Broadcast. Strong field and weak field limits. Atomic polarization. Scattering on atomic lines. Statistical equilibrium equations. Hanle effect. Microturbulent case. Applications to solar and stellar magnetism.\n\n5. TRANSPORT OF POLARIZED LIGHT IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES: Structure of the radiative transport equation for polarized light. Coupling with statistical equilibrium equations. Particular cases. Inference of the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of a stellar atmosphere." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Solar physics and space weather"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE2 - Understand the structure and evolution of stars\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX6 - Understand the structure of the Sun, its evolution and magnetic activity\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------\nFirst part: Solar interior\n---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------\n\nTopic 1. Global properties of the Sun\n \nTopic 2. Solar interior \n \n2.1 Models of stellar interior. Nuclear reactions\n2.2 Controversy of solar neutrinos\n2.3 The standard model of the solar interior\n\nTopic 3. Helioseismology\n\n3.1 Waves in isothermal and non-isothermal fluids, with and without gravity\n3.2 Formation of stationary modes in the Sun: pyg modes\n3.3 Review of inversion methods seismology to recover the properties of the solar interior\n\nTopic 4. Convection and oscillations: theoretical aspects and simulations\n \n4.1 Convection and granulation: numerical simulations of convection\n4.2 Supergranulation, mesogranulation, giant cells. Explanation of the various scales\n4.3 Generation of sound waves. Vorticity generation\n4.4 Shape of spectral lines in convection models\n \n-------------------------------------- --------------------\nSecond part: Photosphere and chromosphere\n-------------------- ----------------------------------\n\nTopic 5. Radiative transport of polarized light\n \n5.1 Radiative transport\n 5.1.1 Zeeman effect \n 5.1.2 Transport equation for polarized light\n \nTopic 6. Photospheric magnetism\n6.1 Photospheric magnetic structures: Spots, pores, faculae, photospheric network and calm Sun\n6.2 MHD equations. Concentration of the field by convective movements, inhibition of convection by strong fields, magnetoconvection, potential and free force fields 6.3 Convective\ncollapse, field buoyancy, field expansion with height, Wilson depression, Evershed effect by hot tube buoyancy\n6.4 Simulations Numerical measurements of magnetoconvection in strong and weak fields. Explanation of the photospheric magnetic structures in terms of MHD and MHS\n6.5 Emergency simulations of magnetic flux and simulations of spots, threshold points and the penumbra\n\nTopic 7. Chromospheric magnetism\n \n7.1 Spicules, filaments and protuberances. Structure, balance and dynamics\n7.2 MHD waves. Magneto-acoustic waves and Alfvén. Phase speed. Relationship between the disturbed magnitudes\n7.3 Transformation of modes by stratification. Fast mode refraction\n7.4 Mode transformation by 3D stratification. Alfvén mode transformation. Angle dependence\n7.5 Observational evidence of mode transformation in solar magnetized plasma. Ramp effect. Fast and slow modes in one spot. Slow propagation in spots towards the crown\n7.6 Acoustic halos. Periodicity of waves observed in umbras and penumbras of sunspots\n7.7 Mechanisms of heating of the chromosphere \n\nTopic 8. Solar rotation, dynamo and solar cycle \n\n8.1 Solar rotation \n8.2 Solar dynamo. Parker's model of oscillatory alpha-omega dynamo, mean field models\n8.3 Solar cycle and its observational properties\n8.4 Numerical models of differential rotation and solar dynamo. \n8.5 Cycle predictions. Maunder Minimum\n \n----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------\nPart Three: The Corona, Heliosphere, and Space Weather\n------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n\nTopic 9. The solar corona\n\n9.1 Observations: X-ray and EUV space missions\n9.2 Theory: strongly magnetized and hot plasma, highly conductive and optically thin\n9.3 Radiative transport in optically thin plasmas: radiative cooling\n9.4 Equilibrium structures, coronal loops and magnetic extrapolation\n9.5 Eruptive phenomena: solar flares. CSHKP model\n9.6 Eruptive phenomena: coronal mass ejections (CME)\n9.7 The problem of coronal heating: the tirade waves against reconnection\n\nTopic 10. Space weather\n\n10.1 The solar wind and the heliosphere\n10.2 The Earth's magnetosphere: general structure. Magnetospheric space missions\n10.3 Solar storms: summary of physical properties. Impact on society\n10.4 The physics of solar storms: impact of CMEs on the magnetosphere\n10.5 Reconnection in the magnetopause and in the magnetic tail. NASA's MMS mission. auroras" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Laboratory I: optical properties of materials"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX15 - Understand the state of degenerated systems and systems far from equilibrium\nCX16 - Understand the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation and the dynamics of charged particles\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professors: Ulises R. Rodríguez Mendoza and Fernando Lahoz Zamarro\n\n- Topics (headings):\n1.- Optically active systems. Transitions in the optical range\n1.1 Optical spectroscopy\n1.2 Inorganic and organic systems\n\n- Professor: Inocencio R. Martín Benenzuela\n\n2. Optical characterization\n2.1. Vacuum and low temperature techniques\n2.2. Instrumentation in optics\n\n- Professors: Ulises R. Rodríguez Mendoza, Fernando Lahoz Zamarro, Inocencio Martín Benenzuela\n\n2.3. Design of experiments\n2.3.1 Spectrophotometer 1: Absorption measurements in solid samples\n2.3.2 Spectrophotometer 2: Measurements in powder sample. diffuse reflectance\n2.3.3.Stationary luminescence measurements: Emission and excitation spectra\n2.3.4.Time-resolved luminescence measurements: Emission decay curves\n3. Applications\n3.1. Lasers\n3.2. Optical amplifiers\n3.3. Optical fibers\n3.4. Up- and down- conversion. Nonlinear process measurements" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Laboratory II: synthesis and characterization of advanced"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE7 - Know how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems by themselves using specific bibliography with minimal supervision. Know how to function independently in a novel research project\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX15 - Understand the state of degenerated systems and systems far from equilibrium\nCX18 - Apply physical and technical knowledge to extract experimental information from physical systems in laboratories.\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nTHEORETICAL CONTENTS:\n\n1.- Obtaining materials.\n- Mono and polycrystalline materials: Reaction in solid state. gel techniques.\n- Vitreous and nanostructured materials. Melt, sol-gel and solvothermal techniques. Doping with luminescent ions (rare earth).\n\n2.- Thermal stability and structural and microstructural characterization\n- Thermal Analysis. Infrared Spectroscopy. Electron Microscopy. X-ray diffraction.\n\n3.- Characterization of the properties of the materials.\n- Electrical properties: Dielectric Spectroscopy. Study of complex dielectric permittivity as a function of frequency and temperature.\n- Magnetic properties. Study of magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature for different magnetic fields.\n- Optical properties: Photoluminescence and optical absorption. Energy transfer processes, conversion of infrared energy to UV-visible with photonic applications (telecommunications and renewable energies). Optical anisotropy.\n\nPRACTICAL CONTENTS:\n\nPractice 1: Obtaining and spectroscopic characterization of oxyfluoride nano-glass ceramics using melting techniques doped with rare earth ions for infrared to visible energy conversion applications (“up-conversion”).\n\nPractice 2: Obtaining and characterization of a sol-gel nano-glass ceramic doped with rare earth ions for applications in photon conversion processes.\n\nPractice 3: Obtaining solid state reaction and identification of phases in polycrystalline samples by X-ray diffraction (SEGAI).\n\nPractice 4: Analysis of crystalline powder diffractograms for their structural and microstructural characterization obtained in practice 3 and/or proposed by the teaching staff.\n\nPractice 5: Dielectric spectroscopy on polycrystalline samples obtained through the solid state reaction technique (practice 3).\n\nPractice 6: Characterization of thermal stability (thermal analysis), microstructure (electron microscopy) and molecular structure (infrared spectroscopy) of samples obtained in practices (1, 2 and 3). Such experiences will be carried out at SEGAI and the data will be analyzed in the subject laboratories.\n\nPractice 7: Magnetic characterization of materials (optional).\n\nPractice 8: Characterization of optical anisotropy in crystals (optional)." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Programming techniques"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE8 - Know how to program, at least, in a relevant language for scientific calculation in Astrophysics\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Theory and Computing Specialty\nCX2 - Apply knowledge of computer science, physics, astrophysics and computing to build numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena or scenarios\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nProfessor: Hannu Parviainen\nTopics (headings):\n- Basic concepts of Fortran90.\n- Code debuggers (debuggers).\n- Parallel programming: basic concepts. The MPI standard.\n- Procedures, recursion.\n- Pointers and dynamic memory.\n- Performance and optimization of serial and parallel programs.\n- Application of parallel programming to an astrophysical problem." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Advanced instrumentation"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nCE10 - Use current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and learn about its innovative technologies.\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX9 - Understand advanced astrophysical instrumentation including cutting-edge telescopes and detectors and adaptive optics techniques\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Topics (headings):\n\n1. General concepts (image formation and interference).\n* Elements of an optical system: pupils and diaphragms; aberrations: concept and correction\n* Basis of the theory of image formation: pupil function and transmission function\n* Interference: amplitude and frequency modulation\n* Black body\n\n2. The atmosphere in the measurement of the signal.\n* Atmospheric emission and absorption\n* Diffusion (scattering)\n* Atmospheric dispersion models\n* Seeing: characteristics; modeling: Fried parameter\n\n3. Imaging through a turbulent medium\n* Wavefront; wavefront error; Zernike polynomials\n* The atmosphere as a turbulent medium: turbulence in clear air; Reynolds number; Kolmogorov theory: scale length\n\n4. Interferometry.\n* Principles of interferometry. Spatial resolution. ldo selection.\n* Interference filters\n* Etalons\n* Instrumental examples\n\n5. Image correction: adaptive optics (AO) and post-facto methods\n* Principles of OA\n* AO and MCAO\n* Instrumental examples\n* Post-facto methods: speckle photometry, lucky imaging\n\n6. Spectroscopy integral and multi-object field measurement\n* Concept and development\n* Instrumental examples\n\n7. Polarimetry.\n* Concept\n* Scientific applications and observational limitations\n* Instrumental examples\n8. Cryogenics.\n\n* Why cool instruments\n* Cryostat\n* Insulation\n* Radiation shield\n* Types of chillers (closed cycle, liquid nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, etc.)\n* Optomechanics\n\n9. Detectors.\n* Photographic plates\n* Photomultipliers\n* Photoelectric effect: materials\n* Integration amplifiers\n* CCDs\n* IR detector mosaics\n* Bolometers. STJ\n* Signal to noise ratio: concept and determination\n\n10. Radio astronomy.\n 1. Radio telescopes.\n ⁃ General diagram of a radio telescope.\n ⁃ Dipole type antennas. Hertz dipole. Dipole arrays. Examples.\n ⁃ Single antenna telescopes. Types of frames. Types of optical designs. Parabolic reflectors, lighting and reception patterns. Aperture efficiency, roughness and Ruze equation. Horns and waveguides. Examples of single antenna telescopes, and designs.\n ⁃ Radio interferometry. Complex visibility. Opening synthesis. Dirty and clean maps. Applications. Examples of interferometers.\n 2. Receivers.\n ⁃ Coherent receivers. noise temperature. Quantum limit. White noise and 1/f. amplifiers. Gain fluctuations. Super-heterodyne receiver. Dicke receiver. Focal Plane Arrays.\n ⁃ Thermal receivers, bolometers. Bolometer equation. Responsivity, conductance, time constant. NEP, Johnson noise, phononic noise and photon noise.\n ⁃ Kinetic inductance receivers.\n\n11. Instrumental projects\n* Generalities\n* User requirements and specifications: optics, mechanics, electronics and software\n* Scientific projects directors\n* Management scheme" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Master in Astrophysics"@en . . "https://www.ull.es/en/masters/astrophysics/" . "90"^^ . "Presential"@en . "The exceptional atmospheric conditions for top-quality astronomic observation to be found in the Canary Islands, together with its geographic proximity and excellent connections with Europe, justify the presence here of the European Northern Hemisphere Observatory (ENO). This fact, along with the consequent concentration of teachers and researchers around the Canary Island Institute of Astrophysics, the ULL Department of Astrophysics and the Observatories, generates the ideal atmosphere for a Master in Astrophysics in which direct contact with leading professionals represents exceptional value added. The Master has been designed based on an ample and rigorous choice of subjects, options and itineraries that that take the form of three specialities: “Theory and Computing Speciality”, “Observation and Instrumentation Speciality” and “Material Structure”\n\nGeneral skills\nKnow the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow Physics and Astrophysics to be applied to solving complex problems using simple models\nUnderstand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and the design of instrumentation\nAnalyse a problem, study the possible solutions published and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nAssess orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use of synergies and known solutions for new problems\nSpecific skills\nUnderstand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nUnderstand the structure and evolution of the stars\nUnderstand the mechanisms of nucleosynthesis\nUnderstand the structure and evolution of galaxies\nUnderstand the models of the origin and evolution of the Universe\nUnderstand the structure of matter to be able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nKnow how to find solutions to specific astrophysical problems on your own, using specific bibliography with minimum supervision\nKnow how to work independently on new research projects\nKnow how to programme, at least in one important language for scientific calculation in Astrophysics\nUnderstand the instrumentation used to observe the universe in the different frequency ranges\nUse current scientific instrumentation (both Earth-based and Space-based) and have a command of their innovative technologies\nKnow how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories), especially the instrumentation that uses the most innovative technology and know the foundations of the technology used\nApply the knowledge acquired to undertake an original research work in Astrophysics"@en . . . "1.5"@en . "FALSE" . . . "Master"@en . "Thesis" . "Not informative" . "no data"@en . "Not informative" . "None" . "no data"@en . "no data" . "FALSE" . "Upstream"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Spanish"@en . . "Faculty of Science. Physics Section"@en . .