. "Particle Physics"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Active galactic nuclei (agn's)"@en . . "3" . "Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are extremely energetic objects that reside in the centres of galaxies. Often they are so luminous that they outshine their entire hosting galaxy. They can emit light over the entire electromagnetic spectrum enabling us to witness dramatic signatures of a wide variety of activities, ranging from radio jets that can be hundreds of times larger than galaxies to the observed heated accretion ring close to the black hole of our own galaxy. In this lecture series, AGN and their impact will be discussed in considerable detail.\n\nTopics that will be addressed include:\n\nobservational results and the resulting taxonomy\nthe physics of the various AGN building blocks\ntheir origin and time evolution\ntheir role in the formation of galaxies\n\nOutcome:\nUpon completion of this course, you will not only have a good understanding of the role AGN are playing in modern astrophysics but also have obtained a good feeling for the open questions in this field. The aim is to provide a solid background to be able to carry out research at the master or PhD level.\r\n\r\nUpon completion of this course, you will\r\n\r\nbe able to interpret observations at virtually the whole electromagnetic spectrum of AGN\r\nhave a good apprehension of how the basic physical properties of AGN building blocks are determined\r\nbe familiar with the various scenarios for the formation of the first AGN\r\nunderstand how AGN evolve and ideas on what might be driving this evolution\r\nbe acquainted with ideas on how AGN impact the formation of galaxies and methods that numerical simulations have employed to take this into account" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Active galactic nuclei (agn's)"@en . . "3" . "Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are extremely energetic objects that reside in the centres of galaxies. Often they are so luminous that they outshine their entire hosting galaxy. They can emit light over the entire electromagnetic spectrum enabling us to witness dramatic signatures of a wide variety of activities, ranging from radio jets that can be hundreds of times larger than galaxies to the observed heated accretion ring close to the black hole of our own galaxy. In this lecture series, AGN and their impact will be discussed in considerable detail.\r\n\r\nTopics that will be addressed include:\r\n\r\nobservational results and the resulting taxonomy\r\n\r\nthe physics of the various AGN building blocks\r\n\r\ntheir origin and time evolution\r\n\r\ntheir role in the formation of galaxies\n\nOutcome:\nUpon completion of this course, you will not only have a good understanding of the role AGN are playing in modern astrophysics but also have obtained a good feeling for the open questions in this field. The aim is to provide a solid background to be able to carry out research at the master or PhD level.\r\n\r\nUpon completion of this course, you will\r\n\r\nbe able to interpret observations at virtually the whole electromagnetic spectrum of AGN\r\n\r\nhave a good apprehension of how the basic physical properties of AGN building blocks are determined\r\n\r\nbe familiar with the various scenarios for the formation of the first AGN\r\n\r\nunderstand how AGN evolve and ideas on what might be driving this evolution\r\n\r\nbe acquainted with ideas on how AGN impact the formation of galaxies and methods that numerical simulations have employed to take this into account" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Cosmic electrodynamics (1)"@en . . "4" . "Introduction (ionization, radiation, …), Criteria of plasma, (macroscopic neutrality, Debye shielding, plasma frequency), Plasma in the Universe (Sun, solar wind, ionosphere, magnetosphere), Plasmatic devices (tokamak, plasma propulsion, MHD generator), General properties of plasma, Motion of charged particle in uniform static magnetic field (gyration, helical motion, magnetic moment, magnetization current), Motion in uniform static electromagnetic field (plasma drift, cycloid, Hall current, gravitation field drift), Motion in nonuniform static electromagnetic field (Alfvén approximation, gradient, divergence and curvature terms, curvature and gradient drift, adiabatic invariants, magnetic mirror, tokamak), Motion in time-varying electromagnetic field (polarization drift, mobility dyad, cyclotron resonance, magnetic moment invariant, magnetic compression).\n\nOutcome:\nUnderstanding the basics of astrophysical plasma." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Cosmic electrodynamics (2)"@en . . "3" . "Kinetic theory (relaxation, Boltzmann equation and its moments, Vlasov equation, macroscopic variables, macroscopic transport equations – continuity equation, equation of motion, energy transport equation), Basics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD equations, Ohm law, Simplified MHD equations), Magnetic Reynolds number, Diffusion of magnetic field, Freezing of magnetic field lines in plasma, Waves in plasma (sound waves, magnetic pressure, Alfvén and magnetoacustic waves, phase velocity diagram), Attenuation of MHD, Alfvén, sound and magnetosonic waves, Waves in cold and hot plasma and resonances.\n\nOutcome:\nUnderstanding the basics of magnetohydrodynamic and plasma waves." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Seminar in particle physics and astrophysical sciences"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nDevelop your oral (“presentation”) and peer review (“feedback”) skills, develop your ability to promote your expertise and market yourself, help with the MSc thesis project.\n\nCONTENT\nMSc thesis plan, MSc thesis disposition, career development related tasks, oral presentation and being opponent to other students’ presentations." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Introduction to particle physics I"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nAim of the course is to familiarize students to the basic concepts of modern particle physics and learn the most fundamental calculational techniques. This will lay the foundation for more in-depth studies of Quantum Chromodynamics, Electroweak theory and Higgs physics in follow-up courses.\n\nCONTENT\nUnderlying concepts [special relativity, quantum mechanics]\nDecay rates and cross sections [Lorentz-invariance, matrix element]\nThe Dirac equation [relativistic QM => spin + antimatter]\nInteraction by particle exchange [Feynman diagrams]\nElectron-positron annihilation [calculations in perturbation theory]\nElectron-proton elastic scattering [form factor]" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Introduction to particle physics II"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nThe course covers the structure of the Standard Model, quantum chromodynamics, electroweak interactions, neutrino-oscillations, the Higgs mechanism.\n\nThe emphasis is on calculations with tree-level Feynman diagrams.\n\nCONTENT\nquantum chromodynamics\nV-A -structure of weak interactions\nweak interactions of leptons\nneutrino oscillations\nweak interactions of quarks and CP violation\nW and Z bosons, and tests of the Standard Model\nHiggs Mechanism" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Particle physics phenomenology"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nAfter the course, the student will...\n\nlearn to know relativistic kinematics and the Standard model of particle physics.\nbe able to apply relativistic kinematics to calculation of total and differential cross-sections/widths.\nunderstand more deeply the Standard model of particle physics and its basis.\nbe able to apply the understanding of the Standard model to particle physics phenomenology especially at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).\nbe familiar with the most popular extension of the Standard Model of particle physics.\nCONTENT\nRelativistic kinematics: special relativity, phase space, two-, three- and multi-particle final states.\n\nStandard Model: theoretical framework, principle of gauge invariance, quantum electrodynamics (QED) and chromodynamics (QCD), elektroweak unification, the Higgs mechanism and electroweak precision measurements.\nBeyond the Standard Model (BSM): signs of BSM physics, basic principles of extensions of the Standard Model, Grand Unified Theories, supersymmetric and extra dimensional models.\nHadron colliders: deep inelastic scattering and hadron-hadron interactions.\nLHC phenomenology: QCD, electroweak, top and Higgs" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Particle physics experiments"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nAfter the course, the student will...\n\nlearn the basic principles of particle accelerators and their applications in other fields.\nunderstand the dynamics of particles in an accelerator.\nbe able to apply the understanding to design a particle accelerator.\nlearn the basic principles of particle detectors of high energy physics and their applications in other fields.\nunderstand the different types of particle detectors and their strengths and weaknesses as well as the synergy between them.\nbe able to apply the understanding to design a high energy physics experiment.\nCONTENT\nAccelerators: Particle Accelerator History and Basics, Transverse Beam Dynamics and Accelerator Lattice, Longitudinal Beam Dynamics, Accelerating Cavities, Electron Dynamics, Imperfections & instabilities, Colliders & cooling, The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Future colliders and accelerator applications.\n\nExperiments: Particle Detector History and Basics, Tracking and Particle Interaction with Matter, Gaseous charged particle detectors, Semiconductor charged particle detectors, Scintillation and Photon Detectors, Energy Measurement, Jet Reconstruction and Particle Flow, Calorimeters, Trigger and Data Acquisition, Detector Systems, The LHC experiments." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Computing methods in high energy physics"@en . . "5" . "LEARNING OUTCOMES\nYou will learn tools used in the data/physics analysis in a typical High Energy Physics experiment.\n\nCONTENT\nThe course provides an introduction to learning to use software used in a typical High Energy Physics experiment. The CMS experiment is used as an example.\n\nTopics covered include:\n\nShort review of UNIX\nC++\nROOT\nCombining languages\nCross section and branching ratio calculations\nEvent generators\nDetector simulations\nReconstruction\nFast simulation\nGrid computing" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "applied electrodynamics"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "High energy particle physics"@en . . "no data" . "On completion of the module, students should have acquired a clearunderstanding of particle physics and the Standard Model describingnature at the most fundamental level. The student should be able tounderstand and work within this framework and its extensions, be ableto analyse particle properties and scattering reactions, and to deviseexperiments." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "particle oscillations"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Astroparticle physics 1"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "astroparticle physics 2"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "particle physics with cosmic and with ground based accelerators"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Astroparticle physics"@en . . "5" . "Introduction (The standard model (SM) of elementary particles. Fermions and bosons in SM.\nUnits in astrophysics and elementary particle physics. Natural units.) Lagrange formalism\n(Introduction. Classical fields. Lagrangian for scalar fields. Conserved quantities from the\nLagrange function. Lorentz-Transformation. Invariance under global gauge transformations.\nNoether’s theorem.) Quantized fields (Spinor fields and Dirac equation. Scalar field and Klein-\nGordon equation. Quantization of the scalar field. Vector fields and quantum\nelectrodynamics: the classical electromagnetic field, lagrangian of the electromagnetic field,\nquantization of the electromagnetic field. The evolution operator. Wick’s Theorem. Feynman’s\ndiagrams. Mott and Rutherford cross-section. The phenomenology of weak interactions.\nLifetime of the neutron and beta-decays. Neutral interactions. Neutrino-electron interaction.\nHiggs mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking.) Thermal evolution of the Universe\n(Physics at lepton era: a recourse in thermodynamics, thermodynamics of ultra-relativistic\nand non-relativistic gases, particle-antiparticle annihilation and neutrino decoupling.\nNucleosynthesis. Recombination: helium-recombination, hydrogen-recombination.) Cosmic\nrays (Primary cosmic rays. Secondary cosmic rays. X-rays and γ-rays. The abundances of\ncosmic rays. Ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Particle acceleration mechanisms. Interaction\nwith CMB radiation.) Supernovae and neutron stars (Stellar evolution and supernova\nprogenitors. Collapse phase. Neutrino emission. Nucleosynthesis in supernovae. Neutron\nstars as laboratories for particle physics. Structure of neutron stars: Equation of state and\ngravitational equilibrium. Neutrino cooling of neutron stars. Axion cooling of neutron stars.\nPhysics of neutron star magnetosphere: composition, particle acceleration, synchrotron\nemission.) Neutrino physics (Neutrino interactions with matter, cross-section. Neutrino\nmasses. Solar neutrinos. Supernova neutrinos. Neutrino oscillations and propagation through\nmatter. Atmospheric neutrinos. Neutrino telescopes, Cherenkov effect in water and ice.\nSources of high-energy neutrinos.)" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Fields and particles"@en . . "2" . "Variaional principle of field theory, Symmetries and conservaion laws, Classiicaion of elementary paricles and interacions, Quantum electrodynamics and the photon, Weak interacion and the neutrinos, Strong interacion (quarks and hadrons), Symmetry breaking, Foundaions of the Standard Model" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Astroparticle physics"@en . . "6" . "Lecture:\r\n• The expanding universe\r\n• Dark matter and dark energy in the universe\r\n• Cosmic particles\r\n• Acceleration mechanisms\r\n• Particle physics in stars\r\n• High energy cosmic rays\r\n• Neutrino astronomy.\nGENERAL COMPETENCES\r\nThe student has a basic knowledge of astroparticle physics, a field somewhere between cosmology, particle physics and astronomy. \r\nIn particular, the following competencies are introduced:\r\n- gaining insight into the problems studied in astro-particle physics, and the place this discipline occupies among the other sub-disciplines\r\n- interpreting results of experiments and communicating them to colleagues\r\n- being able to work independently\r\n- acquiring attitude of lifelong learning" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Electroweak and strong interactions"@en . . "6" . "The Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics provides an excellent theoretical description of elementary matter particles and their interactions through the electroweak and strong forces. Important notions such as (chiral) gauge theories and the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism are introduced and applied to the Standard Model. Ample time is spent to the Brout-Englert-Higgs particle and its phenomenology. Flavor physics (CKM matrix, CP violation) and neutrino physics (Majorana and Dirac masses, masses for neutrinos, see-saw mechanism, neutrino oscillations) are thoroughly treated.\r\n\r\nIn the last part of the course we turn our attention to \"beyond the Standard Model physics\". After analyzing the shortcomings of the Standard Model and introducing regularization, renormalization and the running of coupling constants, we end with an introduction to grand unified theories and supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model.\r\n\r\nBecause of de flood of new experimental data coming from the LHC and other experiments, the contents of the course is continously adapted to the lates insights.\nGENERAL COMPETENCIES\r\nThe course aims at giving the student a thorough microscopic understanding of elementary matter particles and their interactions through the electroweak and strong forces. Upon completion the student should be able to follow the most recent advances in elementary particle physics.\r\n\r\nBy studying certain scientific publications and presentations the student gets in touch with the current developments in the field.\r\n\r\nAmple attention is given to the methodology which led to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. \r\n\r\nThe exercises and the final paper allow the student to model and analytically treat complex physical phenomena." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Experimental techniques in particle physics"@en . . "6" . "A review is given on modern particle detector technologies. Challenges and techniques regarding signal readout and data aggregation are discussed. Next, we will focus on reconstruction of collected data, for example reconstruction of tracks of charged particles and other high-level physics objects. Beyond that, we elaborate on techniques of data analysis and interpretion. The course focuses on particle physics experiments eg. around the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.\nGENERAL COMPETENCES\r\nThe student has acquired in-depth knowledge on the aggregation, reconstruction, and analysis of data with modern particle-detection techniques at particle-physics experiments. Therefore, the student will be equipped with tools to perform research at for example particle accelerators." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Hadrons and nuclei from a theoretical perspective"@en . . "6" . "1. Introduction: Overview of energy and length scales in subatomic physics./ Nucleons as point\r\nparticles. Different components of the nuclear force./ Hadronic degrees of freedom: baryons\r\nand mesons./ Quark-gluon structure of baryons and mesons.\r\n2. Mathematical and computational tools: Angular momentum algebra. Spherical tensor\r\noperators and Wigner-Eckart theorem. Permutation symmetry./ Second quantization. meanfield approximation. Overview of \"beyond mean-field\" techniques./ Relativistic mean field.\r\n3. Models for the nucleus: Realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions. Short-range repulsion.\r\nNuclear matter./ The deuteron and \"few-nucleon\" systems./ The shell model for complex nuclei.\r\n/ Collective motion./ Pairing and superfluidity in nuclei.\r\n4. Electroweak interactions with nuclei: Current-current theorie./ Electroweak nucleon currents./\r\nElectroweak quark currents./ Multipole analysis and long-wavelength approximation./ Neutrino\r\ninteractions with nuclei./ Final-state interactions.\r\n5. Electroweak interactions with nucleons: Quark models./ Nucleon spectrum./ Electromagnetic\r\nand weak nucleon formfactors./ Pion formfactors./ Transition formfactors and helicity\r\namplitudes./ Deep inelastic scattering./ Duality.\nFinal competences:\n1 Able to determine the relevant degrees-of-freedom at the various subatomic scales.\r\n2 Skilled in the use of 3j-, 6j- and 9j-symbols.\r\n3 Able to link models for nucleon-nucleon interactions to scattering experiments and the structure of the deuteron.\r\n4 To grasp the limitations and the successes of the nuclear shell model.\r\n5 Able to understand the microscopic foundations of collective motion in nuclei.\r\n6 Familiarity with the theoretical framework for electroweak interactions with nucleons and nuclei.\r\n7 Fully understand why the electromagnetic probe is such a powerful tool to learn about the structure of nuclei and nucleons.\r\n8 Skilled in the use of the multipole expansion of current-current interaction hamiltonians.\r\n9 Explain the link between hadron and quark models." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Active galactic nuclei and supermassive black holes"@en . . "6" . "At the end of the course, the student will have a good knowledge of the observational and physical properties of Active Galaxies in the various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and their cosmic evolution. The first black hole in the Universe will be discussed along with their growth history and active phases. Knowledge of the strict link between the accretion processes of supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies and star-formation activity, in the so-called co-evolution scenario involving feedback processes, will also be acquired by students." . . "no data"@en . "TRUE" . . "Astroparticle physics"@en . . "6" . "At the end of this course students will learn about the physical mechanisms behind the acceleration, propagation and energy evolution of cosmic rays on a variety of astrophysical scales and environments, and about the observational and experimental methods to detect them. The course will also give an overview of open challenges in our understanding of neutrinos and dark matter candidates, closely connecting between astrophysics and particle physics." . . "no data"@en . "FALSE" . . "Electrodynamics"@en . . "no data" . "no data" . . "no data"@en . "TRUE" . . "Astroparticle physics"@en . . "6" . "not available" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Active galactic nuclei"@en . . "6" . "not available" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "High energy astrophysics and astroparticles"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE1 - Understand the basic conceptual schemes of Astrophysics\nGeneral Competencies\nCG2 - Understand the technologies associated with observation in Astrophysics and instrumentation design\nCG4 - Evaluate the orders of magnitude and develop a clear perception of physically different situations that show analogies allowing the use, to new problems, of synergies and known solutions\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB8 - That students are able to integrate knowledge and face the complexity of formulating judgments based on information that, being incomplete or limited, includes reflections on the social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge and judgments\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Specialty in Observation and Instrumentation\nCX12 - Understand the origin of high-energy particles and astroparticles and their diagnostic potential\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\nProfessor: Dr. Pablo Rodríguez Gil\n\nTopics\n\n1. RADIATION PROCESSES AND COSMIC SOURCES: Accretion. accreditation sources. Non-accrediting sources. Other X-ray sources. Other gamma ray sources.\n\n2. DETECTION SYSTEMS: Nature of gamma ray detection. Interaction of matter with gamma rays. Detectors (semiconductors, scintillation counters, etc). Shielding and collimation. Practical limitations.\n\n3. IMAGE TECHNIQUES: Quasi-images. Collimated detectors. Direct imaging methods. Detectors capable of forming an image. Image modulators.\n\n4. SENSITIVITY IN THE CONTINUOUS AND IN EMISSION LINES: Calculation of sensitivity. Sensitivity in the continuum. Parameters associated with the sensitivity of the telescope. Sensitivity in spectral lines.\n\n5. SPACE MISSIONS: Orbit selection. Mission Life. Shuttle capacity. Other technical factors.\n\n6. PRACTICAL PROJECT IN AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM: Definition of the mission. scientific objectives. Detectors. Sensitivity estimates. Efficiency. Design optimization\n\nProfessor Dr. Ramón J. García López and professor Dr. Josefa Becerra González\n\nTopics\n\n1. The violent Universe.\n\n2. Cosmic rays.\n\n3. Very high energy gamma rays.\n\n4. Astrophysical objects with very high energies.\n\n5. Techniques for observing cosmic rays and gamma rays.\n\n6. Telescopes and instruments." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Classical electrodynamics"@en . . "6" . "Specific Competition\nCE6 - Understand the structure of matter being able to solve problems related to the interaction between matter and radiation in different energy ranges\nCE11 - Know how to use current astrophysical instrumentation (both in terrestrial and space observatories) especially that which uses the most innovative technology and know the fundamentals of the technology used\nGeneral Competencies\nCG1 - Know the advanced mathematical and numerical techniques that allow the application of Physics and Astrophysics to the solution of complex problems using simple models\nCG3 - Analyze a problem, study the possible published solutions and propose new solutions or lines of attack\nBasic skills\nCB6 - Possess and understand knowledge that provides a basis or opportunity to be original in the development and/or application of ideas, often in a research context\nCB7 - That students know how to apply the knowledge acquired and their ability to solve problems in new or little-known environments within broader contexts\nCB10 - That students possess the learning skills that allow them to continue studying in a way that will be largely self-directed or autonomous\nExclusive to the Structure of Matter Specialty\nCX13 - Understand in depth the basic theories that explain the structure of matter and collisions as well as the state of matter in extreme conditions\n6. Subject contents\nTheoretical and practical contents of the subject\n- Professor: Vicente Daniel Rodríguez Armas\n- Topics (headings):\n1. Electromagnetic response of material means. Constitution Relations. Response function, causality, dispersion, complex permittivity, Kramers-Kronig relations. Experimental determination of permittivity.\n2. Classical treatment of the radiation-matter interaction. Classical Lorentz models, plasma frequency. Comparison with results of quantum treatment, interband and intraband electronic transitions.\n3. Plasmas and metals. Plasmas, Lorentz Model. Optical properties of metals. Drude model. Doped semiconductors. Plasma Oscillations, Plasmons.\n4. Semiconductors and insulators. Fundamental absorption edge in direct gap materials. Direct transitions with energies higher than the gap. Fundamental absorption edge in indirect gap materials." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Molecular physics"@en . . "6.0" . "Description in Bulgarian" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Molecular physics: laboratory practice"@en . . "4.0" . "Description in Bulgarian" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Electrodynamics"@en . . "6.0" . "Description in Bulgarian" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Electrodynamics (extended)"@en . . "7.0" . "Description in Bulgarian" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Particle theory"@en . . "20.0" . "#### Prerequisites\n\n* Theoretical Physics 3 (PHYS3661).\n\n#### Corequisites\n\n* None.\n\n#### Excluded Combination of Modules\n\n* Advanced Quantum Theory IV (MATH4061)\n\n#### Aims\n\n* This module is designed primarily for students studying Department of Physics or Natural Sciences degree programmes.\n* It builds on the Level 3 modules Foundations of Physics 3A (PHYS3621) and Theoretical Physics 3 (PHYS3661) and provide a working knowledge of relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and gauge theory at a level appropriate to Level 4 physics students.\n\n#### Content\n\n* The syllabus contains:\n* Klein–Gordon equation. Dirac equation. Spin. Free particle and antiparticle solutions of the Dirac equation. Massless fermions. Lagrangian form of classical electromagnetism. Lagrangian form of the Dirac equation. Global gauge invariance. Noether's theorem and conserved current for the Dirac equation. Second quantisation of classical Klein–Gordon field. Local gauge invariance. Lagrangian of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).\n* Amplitudes, kinematics, phase space, cross sections and decay widths. Simple processes in quantum electrodynamics. Abelian and non-abelian gauge theories. Spontaneous symmetry breaking. Goldstone phenomenon and Higgs mechanism.\n* Standard Model of particle physics. Phenomenology of the weak and strong interactions: electron-positron annihilation, Z resonance, parity violation, muon decay, electroweak precision tests, properties of the Higgs boson, deep inelastic scattering, proton–proton scattering. The Large Hadron Collider. Beyond the Standard Model. Supersymmetry.\n\n#### Learning Outcomes\n\nSubject-specific Knowledge:\n\n* Having studied this module students will be familiar with some of the key results of relativistic quantum mechanics and its application to simple systems including particle physics.\n* They will be familiar with the principles of quantum field theory and the role of symmetry in modern particle physics.\n* They will be familiar with the standard model of particle physics and its experimental foundations.\n\nSubject-specific Skills:\n\n* In addition to the acqusition of subject knowledge, students will be able to apply knowledge of specialist topics in physics to the solution of advanced problems.\n* They will know how to produce a well-structured solution, with clearly-explained reasoning and appropriate presentation.\n\nKey Skills:\n\n#### Modes of Teaching, Learning and Assessment and how these contribute to the learning outcomes of the module\n\n* Teaching will be by lectures and workshops.\n* The lectures provide the means to give a concise, focused presentation of the subject matter of the module.\n* The lecture material will be explicitly linked to the contents of recommended textbooks for the module, thus making clear where students can begin private study.\n* When appropriate, lectures will also be supported by the distribution of written material, or by information and relevant links online.\n* Regular problem exercises and workshops will give students the chance to develop their theoretical understanding and problem solving skills.\n* Students will be able to obtain further help in their studies by approaching their lecturers, either after lectures or at mutually convenient times.\n* Student performance will be summatively assessed through an open-book examination and formatively assessed through problem exercises.\n* The open-book examination will provide the means for students to demonstrate the acqusition of subject knowledge and the development of their problem- solving skills.\n* The problem exercises provide opportunities for feedback, for students to gauge their progress and for staff to monitor progress throughout the duration of the module.\n\nMore information at: https://apps.dur.ac.uk/faculty.handbook/2023/UG/module/PHYS4181" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Elementary particles"@en . . "6.0" . "Recommendations\n\nTo have passed an introductory course in particle and nuclear physics, as the one in the bachelor’s degree in Physics at the UB.\n\nTo have been exposed to an introductory course of high energy physics and accelerators, as the one in the bachelor’s degree in Physics at the UB.\n\n \n\n \n\nLearning objectives\n\n \n\nReferring to knowledge\n\nThis subject is an introduction to modern elementary particle physics.\nThe course is an overview of the field. It starts with the basic taxonomy of particle physics. The role of conservation rules and symmetries is discussed. The basics of field theory required for the quantification of relativistic processes is introduced. The three well established gauge theories (QED, QCD and electroweak interactions) are described and the basic techniques to evaluate cross sections and decay rates for some processes at first order are given.\n\n \n\n \n\nTeaching blocks\n\n \n\n1. Chapter 1. Overview of particle physics\n* Elementary particles and interactions; Baryons and mesons; Weak interactions; More generations\n\n2. Chapter 2. Fields for free particles; Discrete symmetries\n* Scalar fields; Dirac Fermions; Vectors fields; C, P and T symmetries; Propagators\n\n3. Chapter 3. Continuum symmetries in particle physics\n* Symmetry groups and conservation laws; Rotations and angular momentum conservation; Lie groups and lie algebras; Representations of SU(2) and SU(3)\n\n4. Chapter 4. The quark model and effective theories of hadrons\n* Internal symmetries and classification of hadrons; Non-relativistic quark model; The linear sigma model; The non-linear sigma model\n\n5. Chapter 5. QED for leptons\n* Electromagnetic interaction as a U(1) (Abelian) gauge theory (QED); Calculation of scattering amplitudes and cross sections at tree level for several processes in QED (e-mu- --> e-mu-, e+e- --> mu+mu-, e-e- --> e-e-, e-gamma --> e-gamma); Mandelstam variables; Helicity conservation at high energies\n\n6. Chapter 6. QED and the structure of hadrons\n* Concept of form factors; e-p --> e-p elastic scattering: proton form factors; e-p --> e-p elastic inelastic scattering; Bjorken scaling and quarks; Quark distribution functions; The gluons; the QCD Lagrangian\n\n7. Chapter 6. Strong interactions: quantum chromodynamics\n* Representations of SU(N); Internal symmetries and classification of hadrons: SU(2) isospin flavour and SU(3) flavour; Evidence of 3 colours: e+e- --> hadrons; Lagrangian and Feynman rules for QCD; q qbar interactions: colour singlet and colour octet configurations; Asymptotic freedom: perturbative QCD and factorisation; Tests of perturbative QCD: Drell-Yan, e+e- --> 2 jets and the spin of the quark; e+e- --> 3 jets and the spin of the gluon\n\n8. Chapter 7. Weak interactions\n* Weak decays and parity violation: V-A weak charged currents; W boson as mediator of weak charged currents; Low energy tests: muon decay, nuclear beta decay, neutrino decay, neutrino-electron scattering; Fermion mixing matrix; Weak neutral currents: Z0 and the GIM mechanism; CP violation\n\n9. Chapter 8. Electroweak unification\n* Weinberg-Salam model of electroweak interactions; Spontaneous symmetry breaking: Higgs mechanism; Masses of the gauge bosons and fermions\n\n10. Chapter 9. Experimental techniques in particle physics\n* Interaction of particles with matter; Types of sub detectors: calorimeters, tracking and Cherenkov; Accelerators; Measurement of luminosity; Trigger, event reconstruction and data analysis\n\n11. Chapter 10. Example of a HEP experiment: ALEPH\n* The ALEPH detector; Measurement of the number of light neutrinos; Jets physics; Search for new physics\n\n12. Chapter 11. Heavy flavour experiments\n* The LHCb and BaBar experiments; e+e- vs pp machines; Flavour tagging; Secondary vertex reconstruction; Lifetime measurements; Rare decays; CP violation; T violation\n\n \n\n \n\nTeaching methods and general organization\n\n \n\nTheory lectures and resolution of exercises. Exercise sheets to be solved by students.\n\n \n\n \n\nOfficial assessment of learning outcomes\n\n \n\nThe final grade is based on the homework proposed in class and a final assignment or exam.\n\nRepeat assessment consists of an exam.\n\n \n\n \n\nReading and study resources\n\nCheck availability in Cercabib\n\nBook\n\nGriffiths, David J. Introduction to elementary particles. 2nd rev. ed. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2008 Enllaç\n\n\nHalzen, Francis ; Martin, Alan D. Quarks and leptons. New York : Wiley 1984 Enllaç\n\n\nPerkins, Donald H. Introduction to high energy physics. Menlo Park, Calif. [etc.] : Addison-Wesley, 1987\n1972 \n\nPeskin, Michael E. ; Schroeder, Daniel V. An Introduction to quantum field theory. Reading (Mass.) : Addison-Wesley, 1998 Enllaç\n\n\nhttps://cercabib.ub.edu/discovery/search?vid=34CSUC_UB:VU1&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&query=any,contains,b1402641* \n\n\nMore information at: http://grad.ub.edu/grad3/plae/AccesInformePDInfes?curs=2023&assig=568428&ens=M0D0B&recurs=pladocent&n2=1&idioma=ENG" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" .