. "Planetary Science"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Star and planet formation"@en . . "6" . "The student will gain relevant background information and hands-on experience that will enable him/her to follow the current literature on the interstellar medium and to do research in this field.\n\nOutcome:\nThe student will gain up-to-date insight into one of the fastest growing research areas in astronomy. The course will provide sufficient background to be able to follow the current literature on star- and planet formation and to do research in this field or in a neighboring field (e.g., star formation in external galaxies or on cosmological scales)." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Planetary physics: science and instrumentation"@en . . "3" . "Planetary science is now in its “Golden Age”. Dozens of spacecrafts developed and operated by ESA, NASA and other space agencies have delivered a wealth of valuable data about Solar System planets and exoplanets. Data analysis, theoretical studies and numerical modelling, aiming at understanding of the conditions and processes on the planets in the Solar System and beyond, especially those relevant to habitability, are in high demand. Future more sophisticated and challenging planetary missions are being planned and developed by space agencies.\n\nThis course will provide an overview of the methods and instrumentation currently used in planetary research supported by representative examples from recent Solar System missions. The course will deliver a broad picture of conditions and processes on the Solar System planets in their complexity and diversity. The students will also get a preliminary understanding of how concepts of planetary missions payload are designed, including setting up science objectives and requirements, defining priorities and complementarities. The course will provide a “bridge” to exoplanet investigations where appropriate.\n\nThe detailed outline of the course is:\n\nRemote sensing methods and instrumentation\nMethods and instruments for in-situ investigations\nGrand Tour of planetary surfaces\nGrand Tour of planetary atmospheres\nScience payload concepts: from objectives to requirements\n\nOutcome:\nUpon completion of this course, students will be able to:\n\nUnderstand the areas of applicability of various remote sensing and in-situ methods in planetary physics, their main features, advantages, limitations and main results\nAcquire a broad picture of main features and conditions on the planets in the Solar System\nDiscuss and explain major open questions in the planetary physics\nUnderstand and discuss the logics and the way science payload concepts for ESA planetary missions are being designed\nDiscuss and follow current literature in the field of planetary physics" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exo-planets a: interiors and atmospheres"@en . . "3" . "We are in a unique time to study planets. Not only do we have space missions such as Cassini and Juno, which have led to a radical change in our knowledge of the giants in our solar system, but we also have an astonishing number of more than 4000 exoplanets that have been discovered in the last three decades. Each new exoplanet highlights a stunning diversity and impacts the perception and understanding of our own solar system. This course will provide an overview of our current theoretical understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in planets interiors and their atmospheres. This understanding is crucial to interpret observations, and to know where the field is moving for the developing of future instrumentation.\r\n\r\nThe detailed outline is:\r\n\r\nRadiative transfer in (exo)planet atmospheres\r\nChemistry in (exo)planet atmospheres\r\nPrinciples of fluid dynamics and applications to circulation in atmospheres\r\nInteraction between the planets and the host star: atmospheric escape\r\nInteriors or rocky planets\r\nInteriors of giant planets: inflation in hot-Jupiters\r\nInteractions between interiors and atmospheres: surface, ocean and volcanoes\r\nThe concept of habitability\n\nOutcome:\nUpon completion of this course, you will be able to:\r\n\r\nDistinguish the main physical and chemical processes that shape the atmospheres and interiors of (exo)planets.\r\nDiscuss and follow current literature in exoplanets\r\nUse state-of-the-art codes to model exoplanets interiors and atmospheres\r\nName the main uncertainties in the current knowledge of Exoplanet interiors and atmospheres\r\nIdentify synergies between our Solar system and Exoplanets" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exo-planets b: space physics"@en . . "3" . "The emphasis of Part B of the Exoplanets course is on the “exterior” of planets, namely, from the upper atmosphere and beyond. Planets do not exist in empty space, but they are rather embedded in the particle, magnetic and radiation environments of their host stars. As a consequence, the interaction between planets and their host stars leads to escape of planetary atmospheres, shapes (and sometimes induces) planetary magnetospheres, and affects the space weather on a planet.\n\nThis course focuses on Space Physics, and covers the following topics:\n\nPlanetary upper atmospheres: atmospheric escape (thermal vs non-thermal); Jeans escape; hydrodynamic escape and energy-limit approximation; primary and secondary atmospheres; detection of escaping atmospheres in exoplanets\nPlanetary magnetospheres: magnetism in solar system planets, intrinsic magnetosphere, induced magnetosphere, magnetopause distance, ionopause, magnetic fields in exoplanets.\nSolar and stellar activity: spot cycle, flares, magnetism and proxies for magnetic activity; effects of stellar activity on exoplanet detection.\nThe interplanetary medium — solar and stellar winds: basic concepts of fluid dynamics, overview of stellar winds over the HR diagram, forces driving a stellar wind, thermally-driven winds, winds of a magnetic rotator, Alfven surface, mass- and angular-momentum losses, evolution of stellar rotation.\nSpace weather: origin, impacts, events and mitigation.\n\nOutcome:\nOn successful completion of this course, students should be able to:\n\nDerive the equations responsible for the stability of planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres\nExplain the key processes responsible for solar and stellar activity and their space weather effects on (exo)planets\nExplain the physics of winds of planet-hosting stars; derive the basic wind equations and evaluate the wind forcing on (exo)planets" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Planetary systems"@en . . "6" . "• To introduce the students in the dynamics of the solar system\n• To familiarise the students in current solar-system research\n• To introduce the students in the current state of knowledge of exosolar planetary systems.\n• To understand the diversity of the orbits within the solar system" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Star and planet formation"@en . . "6" . "Stars and planets are formed deep inside molecular clouds, but how this actually happens is still being unravelled. This course will provide a broad overview of our current theoretical and observational understanding of the physical processes involved in star- and planet formation. The course consists of two parts. First, the cloud collapse leading to protostars with dense envelopes, circumstellar accretion disks and outflows is discussed. Second, the evolution of protoplanetary disks and the scenarios for the formation of giant and terrestrial planets are presented. Kuiper Belt Objects, comets and meteorites each tell their own story about the physical processes that took place in our own early Solar System. In contrast, exo-planetary systems show us how other protoplanetary systems evolved differently than our own. We will discuss recent observational work with ALMA and VLT, past and future missions to comets and asteroids, and exciting first results from the newly launched James Webb Space Telescope.\r\n\r\nThe detailed outline is:\r\n\r\nDense molecular clouds\r\n\r\nCloud collapse and spectral energy distributions\r\n\r\nBipolar outflows\r\n\r\nPre-main sequence stars\r\n\r\nHigh-mass star formation\r\n\r\nCircumstellar disks\r\n\r\nDisk evolution and grain growth\r\n\r\nFormation of planets\r\n\r\nKuiper-Belt objects and structure of debris disks\r\n\r\nMeteorites & primitive solar system material\r\n\r\nExoplanets as probes of planet formation processes\n\nOutcome:\nThe student will gain up-to-date insight into one of the fastest growing research areas in astronomy. The course will provide sufficient background to be able to follow the current literature on star- and planet formation and to do research in this field or in a neighboring field (e.g., star formation in external galaxies or on cosmological scales)." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Planetary physics: science and instrumentation"@en . . "3" . "Planetary science is now in its “Golden Age”. Dozens of spacecrafts developed and operated by ESA, NASA and other space agencies have delivered a wealth of valuable data about Solar System planets and exoplanets. Data analysis, theoretical studies and numerical modelling, aiming at understanding of the conditions and processes on the planets in the Solar System and beyond, especially those relevant to habitability, are in high demand. Future more sophisticated and challenging planetary missions are being planned and developed by space agencies.\r\n\r\nThis course will provide an overview of the methods and instrumentation currently used in planetary research supported by representative examples from recent Solar System missions. The course will deliver a broad picture of conditions and processes on the Solar System planets in their complexity and diversity. The students will also get a preliminary understanding of how concepts of planetary missions payload are designed, including setting up science objectives and requirements, defining priorities and complementarities. The course will provide a “bridge” to exoplanet investigations where appropriate.\r\n\r\nThe detailed outline of the course is:\r\n\r\nRemote sensing methods and instrumentation\r\n\r\nMethods and instruments for in-situ investigations\r\n\r\nGrand Tour of planetary surfaces\r\n\r\nGrand Tour of planetary atmospheres\r\n\r\nScience payload concepts: from objectives to requirements\n\nOutput:\nUpon completion of this course, students will be able to:\r\n\r\nUnderstand the areas of applicability of various remote sensing and in-situ methods in planetary physics, their main features, advantages, limitations and main results\r\n\r\nAcquire a broad picture of main features and conditions on the planets in the Solar System\r\n\r\nDiscuss and explain major open questions in the planetary physics\r\n\r\nUnderstand and discuss the logics and the way science payload concepts for ESA planetary missions are being designed\r\n\r\nDiscuss and follow current literature in the field of planetary physics" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exo-planets a: interiors and atmospheres"@en . . "3" . "We are in a unique time to study planets. Not only do we have space missions such as Cassini and Juno, which have led to a radical change in our knowledge of the giants in our solar system, but we also have an astonishing number of more than 4000 exoplanets that have been discovered in the last three decades. Each new exoplanet highlights a stunning diversity and impacts the perception and understanding of our own solar system. This course will provide an overview of our current theoretical understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in planets interiors and their atmospheres. This understanding is crucial to interpret observations, and to know where the field is moving for the developing of future instrumentation.\r\n\r\nThe detailed outline is:\r\n\r\nRadiative transfer in (exo)planet atmospheres\r\n\r\nChemistry in (exo)planet atmospheres\r\n\r\nPrinciples of fluid dynamics and applications to circulation in atmospheres\r\n\r\nInteraction between the planets and the host star: atmospheric escape\r\n\r\nInteriors or rocky planets\r\n\r\nInteriors of giant planets: inflation in hot-Jupiters\r\n\r\nInteractions between interiors and atmospheres: surface, ocean and volcanoes\r\n\r\nThe concept of habitability\n\nOutcome:\nUpon completion of this course, you will be able to:\r\n\r\nDistinguish the main physical and chemical processes that shape the atmospheres and interiors of (exo)planets.\r\n\r\nDiscuss and follow current literature in exoplanets\r\n\r\nUse state-of-the-art codes to model exoplanets interiors and atmospheres\r\n\r\nName the main uncertainties in the current knowledge of Exoplanet interiors and atmospheres\r\n\r\nIdentify synergies between our Solar system and Exoplanets" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exo-planets b: space physics"@en . . "3" . "The emphasis of Part B of the Exoplanets course is on the “exterior” of planets, namely, from the upper atmosphere and beyond. Planets do not exist in empty space, but they are rather embedded in the particle, magnetic and radiation environments of their host stars. As a consequence, the interaction between planets and their host stars leads to escape of planetary atmospheres, shapes (and sometimes induces) planetary magnetospheres, and affects the space weather on a planet.\n\nThis course focuses on Space Physics, and covers the following topics:\n\nPlanetary upper atmospheres: atmospheric escape (thermal vs non-thermal); Jeans escape; hydrodynamic escape and energy-limit approximation; primary and secondary atmospheres; detection of escaping atmospheres in exoplanets\n\nPlanetary magnetospheres: magnetism in solar system planets, intrinsic magnetosphere, induced magnetosphere, magnetopause distance, ionopause, magnetic fields in exoplanets.\n\nSolar and stellar activity: spot cycle, flares, magnetism and proxies for magnetic activity; effects of stellar activity on exoplanet detection.\n\nThe interplanetary medium — solar and stellar winds: basic concepts of fluid dynamics, overview of stellar winds over the HR diagram, forces driving a stellar wind, thermally-driven winds, winds of a magnetic rotator, Alfven surface, mass- and angular-momentum losses, evolution of stellar rotation.\n\nSpace weather: origin, impacts, events and mitigation.\n\nOutcome:\nOn successful completion of this course, students should be able to:\r\n\r\nDerive the equations responsible for the stability of planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres\r\n\r\nExplain the key processes responsible for solar and stellar activity and their space weather effects on (exo)planets\r\n\r\nExplain the physics of winds of planet-hosting stars; derive the basic wind equations and evaluate the wind forcing on (exo)planets" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Interplanetary matter (1)"@en . . "4" . "Part of Comet: Components and history of IPM research, spatial distribution of IPM components, orbits, observation methods; Comets and Centauri: classification, observations, discoveries, physical properties, construction and evolution of comets, processes of approach to the Sun, models, active areas, dust, photometry, changes in brightness and aging of comets, decays, non-gravitational effects, Oort cloud, Kuiper belt, missions to comets.\r\n\r\nPart of Asteroids: Orbits, main belt and bodies on special orbits, resonances, families, orbital evolution, non-gravitational perturbation, Yarkovsky phenomenon, YORP effect, collisions, impacts, tidal decays, rotation of asteroids - spin barrier, binary asteroids, asteroid composition, asteroid research - astrometry, photometry, spectroscopy, polarimetry, radar, eclipses. NEOs, collisions with the Earth and the risk of impact, survey projects, discoveries, missions to asteroids, the latest findings.\r\n\r\nPart Transneptunian bodies: Kuiper belt, discoveries, classification, resonant groups, scattered disk and distant bodies, physical characteristics, spectra, sizes, Pluto, missions.\n\nOutcome:\nThe student will gain basic knowledge in the field of asteroids, comets and transneptunian bodies and an overview of current research." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Interplanetary matter (2)"@en . . "3" . "Terms in meteor astronomy, history and methods of observations, formation of meteoroid streams, shower and sporadic activity, physics of meteoroid interaction with the atmosphere, nature of meteor emission, basics of spectroscopy and physical properties of meteoroids. Meteorites – statistics, atmospheric interaction. Light, sound and impact effects. Classification, stony, stony-iron and iron meteorites. Antarctic meteorites, Slovak meteorites. Meteorite ages. Meteoritic craters. Differentiation between meteorites and terrestrial minerals.\n\nOutcome:\nStudents will learn the physics of the meteoroid interaction with the atmosphere, origin and formation of meteoroid streams, history and methods and analyses of meteors, nature of meteor emission and physical properties of meteoroids. They will also learn about light, sound and impact effects of meteorite falls, their statistics, classification, chemical and mineralogical composition, structural properties, and ages. After completing the course, students will be able to perform basic analysis of meteors and meteoroids, to classify different types of meteorites and distinguish them from terrestrial rocks and materials." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Planetary cosmogony"@en . . "4" . "Historical models of the formation of the Solar System. Nucleogenesis of chemical elements and their cosmic abundances. Gravitational collapse and the Jeans criterion. Solar System formation, standard model, chemical condensation equilibrium theory of dust formation. Turbulence in protoplanetary disks, collisional growth of planetesimals. Protoplanetary disk structure. Massive disk model - gaseous planets, planet migration. Chronology of the formation of Solar System bodies. Other planetary systems, circumstellar dust disks, the cycle of matter in interstellar clouds.\n\nOutcome:\nThe graduate of the course will gain theoretical knowledge of models of the origin and development of planetary systems and will have an overview in the most recent publications in the field of planetary science." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Exoplanets"@en . . "3" . "Current state of exoplanet research, detection methods: radial velocities, transits, microlenses, direct imaging, astrometry, transition timing, exoplanet atmosphere and interior, orbital development and dynamics, migration, Kepler orbits, habitable zone, moons of exoplanets, multiple star planets systems, free exoplanets, resonant orbits, protoplanes, dust disks, the future of exoplanet research.\n\nOutcome:\nThe student will gain basic and latest knowledge about extrasolar planets: current state, detection methods, physical properties, evolution and future research." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Comets"@en . . "3" . "Introduction: discoveries, comet morphology, clarity, manifestations. Comet dynamics: classification / types of comet orbits in the Solar System. Comet physics: mechanisms of their radiation, thermal regime during one orbit. Theories of the formation of the solar system and comets. Comet research methods - specifics of astrometry, photometry, polarimetry, radiometry, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, radar. Size, composition, albedo cores. Tails, their types, development, manifestations. The origin of comets. Comet missions, the latest findings.\n\nOutcome:\nThe student will gain a detailed overview of the main and latest knowledge in comet research. Their position and connection with other components of MPH will be approached." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Physics of planets"@en . . "3" . "The exploration of the Solar system and its origin; Mercury; Venus; The Earth; The Moon; Mars; Interiors, surfaces and atmospheres of the terrestrial planets; The interplanetary medium and planetary magnetospheres; Interiors and atmospheres of the giant planets; Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan; Triton, Pluto a Charon; Small and icy moons and planetary rings; Life in the Solar system and other planetary systems.\n\nOutcome:\nIntroduction to planetary physics enabling students to gain an overview of the physical characteristics and evolutionary relationships between solar system objects" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Interplanetary matter - state exams"@en . . "2" . "No Description, No Learning Outcome" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Physics of planets"@en . . "6" . "To explain the main characteristics of planets and large satellites\n• To appreciate and interpret the diversity and similarities in planets and large satellites\n• To describe and apply the physical and mathematical principles governing the structure and evolution of planets and large satellites\n• To use the main methods for investigating the interior of planets and satellites\n• To describe the interior structure of the known planets and large satellites\n• To interpret recent advances in planetary research" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Planetary systems"@en . . "6" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Planetary robotics"@en . . "5" . "Engineering autonomous and intelligent space systems such as rovers or satellites that are capable of robust, long-term operations with little to no human-intervention is a challenging exercise. Advanced perception, planning and decision-making abilities need to be composed both on a technical and conceptual level into an overall architecture without sacrificing functional and non-functional requirements such as reliability, availability and robustness. The main objective of this course is not only to raise awareness of the impact of functional and architectural design decisions, but also to endow students with the knowledge to describe, analyze and develop dependable space systems with a high-degree of autonomy as required by space scenarios operating over a long-period of time in challenging and remote environments. This course will combine experiments on virtual and real environments using ROS. The real experiments are planned to be done at the LunaLab facility.\n\nOutcome:\r\nAfter completing the course students will be able to: Identify and select the right sensor(s) for the different applications Extract data from the sensors using ROS Basic uses for image and cloud points processing algorithms Control of a lunar rover vehicle Use basic path planning algorithms on ROS Self-localization on an unknown environment Improve odometry using filtering algorithms" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Physics of planets"@en . . "6" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Advanced projects in exoplanets"@en . . "5" . "escription of qualifications\nThe aim of the course is allow in-depth advanced projects and specialisation with a topic linked directly to the lecture course on Exoplanets and the project course in Exoplanets. The course will be an extension of the courser on the projects in Exoplanets and it is a requirement that the student follow the projects course before starting on the advanced project course. The Advanced projects course is non-obligatory for students that follow the Exoplanets lecture course, but the aim is to coordinate the teaching and content of the Exoplanets lecture course and the Exoplanet projects with the advanced projects in Exoplanets. The course will start in the semester following the Exoplanets lecture course. The course on advanced projects in Exoplanets will allow more extended projects than the course on projects in Exoplanets.\n\n \n\nWhen the course is finished the student is expected to be able to:\n\nPlan and execute an advanced project with a theoretical or practical focus.\nAnalyse data or perform modelling or simulations.\nSearch for relevant scientific literature.\nEvaluate the results and boundary conditions for a specific research project\nCollaborate in smaller groups with the aim of producing a scientific result\nPresent the results as a small talk at a final workshop day.\nContents\nThe course is closely linked to the lecture course on Exoplanets and the course on projects in Exoplanets and will focus on in-depth advanced study and specialisation within research on Exoplanets. Both theoretical and practical projects are offered. Examples: Advanced modelling, simulations, advanced data analysis, littérature studies. The specific possible advanced projects will be introduced at the start of the course. The advanced project is performed in small groups and under supervision - Support from other staff (incl. postdocs, phd-students, guests, etc.)." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Exoplanets"@en . . "10" . "Description of qualifications\nSince the discovery in 1995 of the first extra solar planet in orbit around a solar like star, this research field has exploded. The aim of the present course is to provide an overview of the knowledge we have gained over the last 25 years and the techniques used to obtain this knowledge.\n\nWhen the course is finished the student is expected to be able to:\n\nDescribe the content and background of a number of methods and techniques used in the search for exoplanets.\nDescribe and discuss the background for and content of theoretical models describing the structure of exoplanets.\nEstimate the possibilities and limitations which characterize the exoplanet research activities and explain the reasons for the limitations of the used methods.\nDescribe the main results obtained within the exoplanet research field and compare the results obtained using the different search techniques.\nDiscuss the future expectations for the exoplanet research activities.\nDescribe and evaluate the contents of the research papers discussed in the course. \nContents\nIn short, the course content will include:\n\nOrbital dynamics \nSolar System - Planet formation \nExoplanet search & characterization techniques \nExoplanet demographics & exoplanet system architectures \nGas giant & terrestrial planet structures and their atmospheres \nIntroduction into astrobiology \nCurrent and future instrumentation" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Projects in exoplanets"@en . . "5" . "Description of qualifications\nThe aim of the course is allow in-depth projects and specialisation with a topic linked directly to the lecture course on Exoplanets. The projects are non-obligatory for students that follow the Exoplanets course, but the aim is to coordinate the teaching and content of the Exoplanets course with the projects. The main part of the course will take place in the last 2/3 of the semester in order to allow the student to obtain the needed background following the Exoplanets course. It is required to follow the Exoplanets lecture course in order to follow the project course on Exoplanets.\n\n \n\nWhen the course is finished the student is expected to be able to:\n\nPlan and execute a project with a theoretical or practical focus.\nAnalyse data or perform modelling or simulations.\nSearch for relevant scientific literature.\nEvaluate the results and boundary conditions for a specific research project\nCollaborate in smaller groups with the aim of producing a scientific result\nPresent the results as a small talk at a final workshop day.\nContents\nThe course is closely linked to the lecture course on Exoplanets and will focus on in-depth study and specialisation within research on Exoplanets. Both theoretical and practical projects are offered. Examples: Modelling, simulations, data analysis, littérature studies. The specific possible projects will be introduced at the start of the course. The project is performed in small groups and under supervision - Support from other staff (incl. postdocs, phd-students, guests, etc.)." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Planet and star formation"@en . . "7,5" . "The course deals with the theory of how stars and planets form, from interstellar gas to main sequence stars\nwith planetary systems, Specifically it explores magneto-gravitational collapse, early nucleosynthesis,\naccretions disks, stellar winds / mass loss / jets as well as planet formation models. The course also treats the\nmost important observations for our understanding of the early evolutionary phases of stars, the structure of\nyoung stellar systems and exoplanets. Upon completion of the course, students are expected to be able to\n• show understanding for the processes which lead to gravitational instability in the dense interstellar medium\nand under which conditions the instability occurs.\n• explain the structure and evolution of young stars and proto-stars, as well as their planetary systems." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "physics of planetary systems"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Astronomy & space science"@en . . "no data" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Physics with astronomy & space science lab"@en . . "no data" . "Specific learning outcomes include familiarisation with a wide range of experimental equipment and techniques used in research (with some emphasis on astrophysics and space science) and industry, development of programming skills applied to the interfacing of computers to scientific equipment and physical simulation, application of data analysis methods (including curve fitting and statistics) to experimental data, and the development of a capability to carry out a complete experimental project from the planning/setting-up stage to the production of a report/publication detailing the results. The practical laboratory also provides a natural environment for students to develop their transferable skills. These include time management, report writing, critical thinking, experimental planning, problem solving, oral presentation and co-operative work." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Planetary systems and astrobiology"@en . . "3" . "Definitions of life (biological, reductionist, cybernetic and others). Organic matter in the\nUniverse (synthesis of organic particles on Earth, extraterrestrial organic matter on Earth,\nformation of biological systems, formation of living organisms). Conditions conducive to the\nemergence and evolution of living organisms (friendly planets and moons of planets,\nhabitable zone of a planetary system, galactic habitable zone). Life in the solar system:\nplanets (energy, organic matter, water). Life in the solar system: Jupiter's moons, Saturn's\nmoons. Living in extreme conditions (extremophiles). Extrasolar planets: methods of\ndetection. Characteristics of extrasolar systems (presentation and discussion of the latest\nresults). Atmospheres of exoplanets. Methods of searching for life on extrasolar planets\n(biosignatures)." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" .