. "Radiative transfer in the atmosphere and ocean"@en . . "3" . "Molecular spectroscopy - molecular spectroscopy is a key method to determine the spectral signature of the Earth and the\nother planets of the Solar system, as well as the exoplanets. It aims at recording the electromagnetic\nradiation reflected or emitted by a target (surface or atmosphere) in very narrow wavebands. In particular it\nplays an essential role in the monitoring of the evolution of our atmosphere (aerosols and gas molecules).\nIn the next decades, large telescopes will extend observation to new spectral domains and boost the\nsearch for life on exoplanets. New instruments designed to analyze the chemical composition of the Earth's\nlower atmosphere (greenhouse gases, pollutants, etc.) use technologies that allow measurements of\nspectra with very high spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratios. The interpretation of these spectra\nrequires mastering theoretical and experimental spectroscopic analysis techniques.\n- Introduction to radiative transfert this lecture introduces the concepts of direct and inverse radiative transfer, which underlie the\nstudy of the Earth's atmosphere using remote sensing satellites, in the context of climate studies. The\nphysical variables and fundamental laws are reminded, leading to the derivation of the radiative transfer\nequation that calculates the electromagnetic radiation transmitted or emitted by the atmosphere and\nmeasured at the top of it. This equation involves various thermodynamic, spectroscopic and instrumental\ninformation. The main radiative transfer codes are described. Finally, the inverse problem that consist in\nextracting atmospheric variables from radiometric measurements is discussed and illustrated by numerous\nexamples involving present space missions." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Chemical Oceanography"@en . . .