. "Specialized methods of engineering survey and industrial geodesy"@en . . "7.5" . "Models for the analysis of geodetic measurements and results in the monitoring of engineering projects and industrial products\nCutting-edge technologies in technical and industrial geodesy\nFields of application of technical and industrial geodesy at different scales and low and high dynamic response phenomena" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Engineering graphics in geodesy and geoinfromatics"@en . . "5" . "The aim of the course is to provide basic theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of computational geometry and graphics with emphasis on application in engineering sciences, especially in Geodesy and Geoinformatics. Through practical exercises the most popular software is used. \nDemonstrate competences in theoretical principles, procedures of computing and visualising the surveying data.\nPrepare geodetic documents needed to establish and maintain cadastral records and land registry, as well as the documents for engineering works.\nMake plans, maps and related presentations using modern methods and technologies on the basis of measured data and other sources. \nDistinguish between raster and vector graphics, concepts of computer-aided shaping (CAD) and GIS (GIS) and color systems in computer graphics.\nDevelop a vector drawing by default template, edit the raster image in the geometric and radiometric sense and create a two dimensional drawing and surfaces in CAD-in and load data in geographic information systems (GIS).\nDistinguish file formats for raster and vector graphics, computer aided design (CAD) and geographic information systems (GIS).\nGeometric and topological transform raster and vector data.\nSpecify the scale drawings and print-to-scale drawing in the paper.\nCreate and analyse surfaces, volumes and profiles in programs for CAD and / or GIS." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Introduction to geodesy"@en . . "2" . "The aim of the course is to teach students about the surveying and Faculty of Geodesy. Preparing students for studying at the Faculty of Geodesy, in a way to get acquainted with the organization of the faculty. Students are introduced to the\norganization of the Republic of Croatia. Students will master the basic concepts of geodesy, ie. they must be familiar with the basic theories of measurements and uncertainties that may arise, coordinate systems, geodetic basis and geoinformation systems. -Understand the role of geodesy, geoinformatics and spatial data in modern world, demonstrate competences in measuring\nsystems, methods and technologies of measurement and spatial data collection.\n- Demonstrate competences in theoretical principles, procedures of computing and visualising the surveying data.\n- Demonstrate competences in regulations and administrative framework important for geodesy and geoinformatics, the regulations related to copy right, publishing and exchange of spatial data.\n- Understand mathematical methods and physical laws applied in geodesy and geoinformatics- Understand the role of geodesy, geoinformatics and spatial data in modern world, demonstrate competences in measuringsystems, methods and technologies of measurement and spatial data collection.\n- Demonstrate competences in theoretical principles, procedures of computing and visualising the surveying data.\n- Demonstrate competences in regulations and administrative framework important for geodesy and geoinformatics, the\nregulations related to copy right, publishing and exchange of spatial data.\n- Understand mathematical methods and physical laws applied in geodesy and geoinformatics" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Analysis and processing of geodetic measurements"@en . . "5" . "Adoption of theoretical knowledge and empirical skills in analysis and processing of geodetic measurements.\nActive empirical application of knowledge from analysis and processing of geodetic measurements in solving surveying tasks based on geodetic measurements data. \nDemonstrate competences in theoretical principles, procedures of computing and visualising the surveying \nUse information technology in solving geodetic and geoinformation tasks. \nExercise appropriate judgements on the basis of performed calculation processing and interpretation of data obtained by means of surveying and its results.\nRecognise problems and tasks in the application of geodetic and geoinformation principles and methods, and select proper procedures for their solution. \nCommunicate the results obtained by means of geodesy and geoinformation to clients and experts of geodetic and other related professions Explain the basic principles, concepts, methods and procedures for analysis and processing of mutually independent geodetic measurements.\nUse appropriate technical terminology related to the analysis and processing of geodetic measurements.\nUnderstand the laws of theory of errors, mathematical statistics and probability theory in the analysis and processing of geodetic measurement errors.\nApply different criteria to assess the quality of geodetic measurements (precision, accuracy, reliability) and the criteria for evaluating the accuracy of mutually independent geodetic measurements.\nApply the laws of variances propagation, weights propagation and cofactors propagation in the case of one or more functions of geodetic measurements.\nApply adjustment of direct measurements in the three characteristic cases: classical direct measurements, multipe measured vectors and doube measurements.\nApply adjustment of indirect measurements in the forms of regular and singular adjustment.\nApply adjustment of conditional measurement.\nDevelop standardized geodetic elaborates depicting the results of analysis and processing of geodetic measurements.\nPlan processing of geodetic measurements from the viewpoint of the volume and types of measurements, the use of appropriate mathematical model of measurement, the application of appropriate technological tools for the realization of processing and to optimize performance." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodetic plans"@en . . "5" . "The objective of the course is to provide teoretical and practical knowledge and skills in geodetic plans, cadastral maps, topographical maps and digital geodtic plans. \nDemonstrate competences in theoretical principles, procedures of computing and visualising the surveying data\nPrepare geodetic documents needed to establish and maintain cadastral records and land registry, as well as the documents for engineering works\nMake plans, maps and related presentations using modern methods and technologies on the basis of measured data and other sources\nDetermine and interpret the size, properties and relations of objects in space on the basis of measured data, spatial databases, plans and maps\nPrepare official public documents, reports, graphic and cartographic presentations using the surveying results related to objects in space Distinguish analogue plans with regard to scale, projection and their quality\nExplain the causes of the different cadastral maps in the Republic of Croatia and the consequences of that\nCraete a cadastral map and calculate the area of cadastral parcels by different methods\nClarify what affects the accuracy of the surfaces on the (analog) cadastral maps\nDescribe how relief is represented on geodtic plans and what influence the accuracy of it \nCreate and interpret height (altitude) representation of terrain\nDistinguish digital cadastral maps made by different methods\nExplain the rules of presentation of geodetic plans available throug" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "English in geodesy"@en . . "3" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Geodetic reference frames"@en . . "5" . "Adopting theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of geodetic reference systems and frames and their importance for the state survey and the basic geodetic works at the state level. \nStudents will:\n- Define basic concepts related to the coordinate reference systems and frames,\n- Analyze the physical and mathematical characteristics of reference system with respect to the fundamental parameters in respect to which it defines as well as the essential role of the reference frames in positioning, navigation and orientation of objects in space,\n- Analyze measurement techniques and classify the differences between spatial, terrestrial and local (instrument fixed) reference frame,\n- Analyze the old and the new official coordinate system, reference system and reference frame of Croatia, as well as old and new official height systems of Croatia, and adopt necessary knowledge about the relationship between HTRS96, ETRF89 and ITRFYY reference frames,\n- Acquire knowledge and mathematical procedures to solve practical problems of numerical transformation and conversion of coordinates and time coordinate transformation." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Engineering geodetic bases"@en . . "5" . "Adopting theoretical and practical knowledge related to the establishment and analysis of the quality of geodetic control for engineering work. \n Understand the role of geodesy, geoinformatics and spatial data in modern world, demonstrate competences in measuring systems, methods and technologies of measurement and spatial data collection. \n Apply knowledge of mathematics and physics for the purpose of recognizing, formulating and solving of problems in the field of geodesy and geoinformatics.\nEstablish geodetic networks needed in surveying and stake out in order to provide the required quality of the works performed in certain space. \nExercise appropriate judgments on the basis of performed calculation processing and interpretation of data obtained by means of surveying and its results. \n Prepare official public documents, reports, graphic and cartographic presentations using the surveying results related to the objects in space.\n Communicate the results obtained by means of geodesy and geoinformation to clients and experts of geodetic and other related professions. \nDefine geodetic works in the design, construction and exploitation of construction objects\nSelect geodetic maps and plans for technical projects and analyze their accuracy\nDefine geodetic network - geometric and algebraic definition\nDistinguish geodetic control for surveying and geodetic control for engineering tasks\nDefine the phases of the establishment of geodetic network (project design, execution, analysis)\nCompare different terrestrial methods for surveying the engineering geodetic control\nIdentify and analyze the quality (accuracy) of geodetic control and its elements Make a specific connection of engineering geodetic control to existing geodetic control." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Engineering geodesy"@en . . "2" . "The aim of the course is to teach students the specifics of engineering geodesy, and theoretical and practical knowledge of engineering geodesy. Preparing students for the works in the field of engineering geodesy, with an emphasis on mastering the methods of staking out points and directions, as well as their practical application for the needs of the civil engineering. In the practical application of these methods the emphasis is on their application on the road construction. Student after successful completion of the course will be able to decide which method of staking out point or direction is best suited for a specific engineering task. \n The students will:\n1. Definethe basictasks ofengineering geodesyincivil engineering,staking outelements of constructionsand how todetermine them.\n2.Explain and apply methods of staking out points and directions.\n3. Make staking out elaborate of construction.\n4. Determine the assessment of the accuracy of different methods for staking out buildings.\n5. Evaluate which methodi s best suited for staking out a specific engineering task in the construction of buildings.\n6.Describe and apply a method for transferring the staking out axis to the batter boards.\n7. Describe the basic types of traffic and road elements in the horizontal (directions, circular, transitional andcompound curvature) and vertical direction (vertical alignment).\n8.Define the longitudinal and transverse profiles of roads." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodetic astronomy"@en . . "5" . "The acquisition of basic theoretical knowledge in spherical and geodetic astronomy required for understanding and mastering the practical astrogeodetic tasks in engineering geodetic practice. Understand the theoretical assumptions necessary for mastering of the other courses in which students require such specific knowledge. Differentiate and define the celestial coordinate systems and phenomena that change the coordinates of celestial bodies, describe celestial coordinate reference systems and frames. \nCompare and recalculate the coordinates in different celestial coordinate systems.\nDifferentiate and define time systems and scales, calendars, epochs and dates and describe modern measuring time (quartz and atomic clocks).\nCompare and recalculate the basic timescales.\nDifferentiate and describe the procedures (methods) for determining the astronomical coordinates of the station and astronomical azimuth.\nApply determining the astronomical coordinates and azimuth in specific tasks of surveying engineering profession and analyze topical measurements" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Gnss and geodesy"@en . . "5" . "This course introduces Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), with a focus on positioning - including hands-on practical experience of collecting and processing data. It also details co-ordinate reference systems and gives an overview of other satellite geodesy techniques.\n\nOutcome:\nOn completing this unit students will be able to:\r\n\r\n■ Describe how GNSS works (including time, orbits, signals, etc)\r\n\r\n■ Give an overview of space geodesy capabilities and how they contribute to the ITRF\r\n\r\n■ Describe the mathematical models for pseudo-range and carrier phase-based modes of positioning\r\n\r\n■ Explain the mathematical models for both single receiver (absolute) positioning and relative positioning\r\n\r\n■ Describe and assess GNSS error sources and biases, e.g. atmospheric delays and multipath\r\n\r\n■ Select an appropriate working mode for a particular application\r\n\r\n■ Discuss current status and future trends of GNSS\r\n\r\n■ Process GNSS data using appropriate software and critically analyse the results" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geo-data analysis and geodesy"@en . . "9" . "his module targets students interested in learning how to rigorously use geo-data to estimate and monitor changes in the shape\nof the Earth's surface and its gravity field. The signals of interests can be related to local human activities, such as gas or ground-\nwater extraction, or, for example, related to climate change, such as ice-mass losses in Greenland or Antarctica. In this data-\noriented module, students will acquire the skills and theoretical background required to process Earth observation data in order to\nretrieve the signals of interest, in particular by using Fourier analysis methods. After completing this module, students will be able to:\nAssess the quality of EO data and derived products\nDesign and apply hypothesis testing procedures to select the model which best represents physical reality\nApply spectral analysis techniques to extract relevant geophysical information from EO data\nApply geodetic observation and analysis techniques to quantify and characterize changes in the shape of the Earth and its gravity\nfield\nAnalyse the link between geodetic observables and the underlying geodynamical processes" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Earth deformation processes across scales"@en . . "9" . "This module provides the knowledge and skills to understand, predict and characterise Earth deformation processes from\ncontinental (e.g., glacial isostatic adjustments and plate tectonics) towards reservoir scales (e.g., folding, faulting and\ncompaction). Geodetic and geophysical observation techniques will be used to quantify these deformation processes, by\nextracting physical parameters and assessing their uncertainties. In addition, students will learn to relate the observed movements\nto subsurface engineering (e.g., resource extraction, storage, tunnelling) or natural processes (e.g., plate tectonics, earthquakes).\nThe module contains three components, 1) Statistical geo-data analysis, 2) Geodesy and Geodynamics, and 3) Geomechanics and\nStructural Geology.\nStudy Goals After completing this module, students will be able to:\nDesign and apply hypothesis testing procedures to select the model which best represents physical reality \nApply geodetic observation and analysis techniques needed to quantify, characterize and explain changes in the shape of the\nEarth and its gravity field, and changes and expressions of crustal structures \nEvaluate the mechanical and deformation response and expressions of rocks to varying stresses within the shallow part of the\nEarth's crust \nAnalyse the link between geodetic observables and the underlying geodynamical and geomechanical processes from reservoir to\nglobal scales, including the effects of subsurface engineering activities" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Applied space geodesy"@en . . "5" . "Satellite Earth Observation and Space Geodesy is an increasingly fertile field, with exciting technology that leads to a wide range\nof applications. Pioneers in the field are often young entrepreneurial start-ups that provide solutions that are directly applicable in\nsociety. Examples include, e.g., Planet, Maxar, Iceye, and Capella. What makes those initiatives so successful, and how can we\ndevelop new opportunities and challenges that have high impact?\nIn this course you will create your own start-up based on Satellite Earth Observation. We discuss, e.g., core space technologies,\nvalue proposition design and strategies, data processing, funding, IP, scalability, valuation, and collaborate as a team to develop\na new Earth Observation product or service. We evaluate current European policies to stimulate value creation from Earth\nObservation, and review legal restrictions. We will use guest lectures from space industry leaders and entrepreneurs as well as\nsite visits to learn about the challenges and pitfalls. Our information products will be used to respond to scientific or societal\nchallenges. Examples include information products for the Dutch Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams, requiring emergency\nresponse information, or energy sustainability for solar farms.\nStudy Goals After completing this module, students will be able to:\nEvaluate the space technologies available for value creation\nDevelop an idea into an entrepreneurial business model and a new Earth Observation product or service\nCreate a start-up up to a Minimal Viable Product" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Satellite geodesy and navigation"@en . . "5" . "Reference systems and reference frames, geodetic\ndatum. Inertial (celestial) and terrestrial reference\nsystems and frames. The hierarchy of celestial and\nterrestrial reference systems.\nArtificial Earth satellites for surveying; methods of\nsatellite geodesy.\nFundamentals of the theory of time; sidereal time,\nsolar time (universal time), dynamic time, atomic\ntime, coordinated time, own specific time. ethods of global geodesy: VLBI, SLR, LLR, DORIS,\nGNSS.\nSolving interdisciplinary tasks by using modern\nsatellite techniques.\nBasis of kinematic and dynamic motion of satellites.\nObject (point) movement in the central field of\nforce, conservation laws. Satellite transfer into orbit\nand relativistic problem compliance. Movement of\nartificial Earth satellites, Kepler's laws, derivation,\norbits. Undisturbed and disturbed movement of\nsatellites. Keplerian elements. Perturbing forces.\nProtocols and formats in GNSS.\nEffects on satellite observations, modelling impacts,\nuse of models by solving inverse problems: GNSS\nmeteorology, GNSS reflectometry, GNSS for\nmonitoring the Earth's atmosphere.\nGNSS observations and linear combinations, satellite\nposition computation using different ephemerides.\nAbsolute point positioning from code and carrier-\nphase measurements, differential GNSS. GNSS\napplication in navigation. Navigation in problematic\nconditions for GNSS. Intended LO: knowledge and understanding of basic satellite\ngeodesy methods, understanding of artificial\nEarth satellites motion\n• Perception of complexity of contemporary\ninterdisciplinary problems tied to the planet\nEarth, involving geodetic satellite techniques\n• ability of solving practical problems related to\nartificial Earth satellites’ movement\n• student acquires the necessary knowledge for\nthe integration of theory into practice and\ntheoretical basis for participation in\ninterdisciplinary geo-projects related to the\nproblems of the planet Earth." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodetic measuring systems"@en . . "5" . "Intended LO: usage of different measuring systems for spatial\ndata acquisition\n• knowledge of the quality and the performed\nmeasurements\n• proper assessment of the applicability of the\nmeasurements results\n• usage of measuring systems for different\nprofessional tasks\n• understanding the demands of experts from\nother branches and ability to give them an\nadequate problem solution" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Physical geodesy"@en . . "5" . "LO: understanding different kind of height systems\n• usage of some kind of geoid model and to\ninterpolate geoid heights\n• knowing the importance of geoid heights in\ngeodetic survey tasks i.e. coordinate\ntransformations\n• is capable of solving the GNSS-levelling task" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Physical geodesy and earth system"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Space geodetic techniques"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Engineering geodesy"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodetic engineering & consulting"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "satellite geodesy for earth system applications"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "geodetic seminar"@en . . "5" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Quality assurance of the geodetic survey"@en . . "4" . "LO: Knowledge and understanding of procedures for\nthe assurance and control of quality of geodetic\ntechnical works.\n• Knowledge of those processes and\nimplementation in practical work" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Selected topics from geodesy and geodetic"@en . . "4" . "LO: Knowledge and understanding of different\ncoordinate systems in geodesy.\n• Knowledge of usage of coordinate systems in\npractical tasks of terrestrial and satellite\ngeodesy and their inter-relations" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Geophysics in geodesy"@en . . "4" . "LO: student knows and understand basic properties\nof Earth' physical fields" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Geodesy"@en . . "no data" . "no data" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Geodesy"@en . . "4" . "The aim of the study course is to promote understanding of the role of geodetic and land surveying methods in earth and environmental sciences, a set of applied instruments, hardware and aids, their methods and techniques and desired results, data processing obtained with geodetic methods, presentation of the results of measurements on topographic plans and maps and methods to control the accuracy and precision of the results. Description of course tasks: 1.to give an insight into the historical and contemporary role of geodesy as a science and its relation to other fields of science, 2.to introduce with coordinate and altitude systems, their application in geodesy in the world and in Latvia, 3.to introduce with the magnetic field of the Earth, its measurements and significance, 4.to characterize different methods of horizontal and vertical surveying, including angular, distance and elevation measurements, the instruments and their design required for performing geodetic tasks, 5.to analyse the accuracy and use of data from different survey methods and instruments, 6.to provide theoretical and practical skills on the preparation of cartographic materials, the development of geodetic network, tachymetric surveying, field data processing, data import into CAD and GIS software, preparation of topographic plans, 7.to raise awareness of the accuracy and necessity of geodetic networks, regulatory frameworks in Latvia in the field of geodesy and land surveying, the possibilities of using the GNSS base station network, in the context of geodetic and GIS data collection. The study course is taught in Latvian.\nCourse responsible lecturer Zaiga Krišjāne\nResults Knowledge 1. describes the differences between the different coordinate systems and the need for use, explains the characteristics of LKS-92 coordinate system. 2. explains the need for the accuracy of geodetic measurements for displaying data on different scales, 3. describe the principles of geodetic instruments, different methods for obtaining and processing geodetic data and surveying techniques, 4. explains the processes for preparing large-scale plans and cartographic materials, Skills 5. use the methods and techniques of geodetic survey, practically survey the territory and prepare a topographic plan, able to produce large-scale cartographic material, 6. use a various geodetic instruments to provide earth and environmental sciences with accurate data, 7. analyse and process measurement data (spatial information) obtained by geodetic surveying methods using analogue and digital methods, 8. analyse the instructions and regulations of production of geospatial data, use them in the data production process, Competence 9. assess the required set of instruments, make a choice of their precision and data acquisition and processing methods for specific mapping work, 10. reasonably proposes suggestions for solving specific geodesy tasks." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Reference systems in geodesy"@en . . "3" . "Reference systems and sets and sets of coordinates used in geodesy. Terrestrial and celestial reference systems, transformations between the terrestrial and celestial systems. Dynamics of the rotational and revolu\u0002tionary movement of the Earth, the notion of altitude in geodesy and altitude systems." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Computer science in geodesy"@en . . "3" . "Programing language classification: high level, low level (machine language). The basic paradigms of programming language: imperative (procedural, object-oriented) and declarative (functional, logic).\nThe execution methods of programming languages: compiling, interpreting. Algorithms and forms of its implementation: flowcharts, pseudo-codes, code. \nBasic syntax structures of programming languages on the example of Python. Selected programming environments for the Python language (Jupyter Notebook, Spyder). Type of variable (built-in variables and standard variable type in Python). Basic methods for Python variables. Conditional statements (if/elif/else) and loops (for, while). Defining functions, passing arguments to the function.\nFile operations (reading, writing). String formatting methods (f-string, format methods). Numpy library - numerical operations, selected algorithms of numerical methods and linear algebra. Matplotlib library - graphical presentation of numerical results. Introduction to object-oriented programming: definition of object classes, rules of inheritance. Syntax errors and exception handling (try/except, raise, assert). Expressions and operators of functional paradigm (lambda, map, filter, list comprehension). Python library managers and creating programming environments (pip, env, conda)." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Computer science in geodesy II"@en . . "3" . "Lecture: Basics of HTML (forms, controls, styles, JavaScript). Basic elements Basics of PHP (language syntax, operators, loops, arrays, passing variables between pages). Exercises: 1. Developing your own website based on the basics of HTML. 2. Development of a PHP program that uses the transfer of variables between pages." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Engineering and industrial geodesy"@en . . "5" . "Introduction to the specifics of issues related to Engineering and Industrial Geodesy. Geodetic works at the stage of preparation of a construction project for various engineering objects h. Geodetic development of the project at the initial and detailed level. Rules for determining the required accuracy of the implementation of a construction object . Implementation, design, accuracy and reliability analysis. Methods and technologies of setting out. Assessment of the setting out in geodetic structures. Methods of detailed control in various phases of construction implementation.\nMeasurement methods and techniques in inventory work on the control of various building objects and structures. Geometry of road routes and rounding of the refraction of routes in the horizontal plane . Transient curves as an element of the kinematics of vehicle movement on the roads . Industrial cranes (cranes) and control of their geometry. The scope of inventory measurements of the crane system. Methods for measuring and determining the alignment of track systems. Project topics: geodetic development of the design of an industrial plant, including, geodetic development of the design of the curvilinear section of the road route, solutions for the layout of the interchange section of the railway route with turnouts and inserts. Examination of\nthe verticality of the building with selected measurement techniques. Measurements and elaboration in the field of flatness control of the building structure element. Development of a fragment of the road route using a clotoid, as a transition curve and determination of the coordinates of the main and detailed points of the road lane on this episode. Geodetic development of measurements of the crane track with the determination of routing corrections using linear regression. Analytical and graphic elaboration of the results." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Engineering and industrial geodesy 2"@en . . "3" . "Tasks and methods of performing control measurements of buildings. Designing implementation measurements and assessing the accuracy of these measurements. Control measurements at various stages of construction implementation. Introduction to performing preliminary accuracy and reliability analyzes. Reliability of geodetic networks. Geodetic works related to the design and implementation of communication routes, including road, rail and metro. Geodetic development of collision-free road junctions. Surveying service for the construction of an industrial hall. Inventory and control measurements of slender structures, bridges and viaducts. Remote Measuring Systems. Hybrid techniques. Geodetic measurements on unstable objects (ships, docks). Instrumental standards PN / ISO 17123-1 to 17123-10. Design topics: Geodetic development of a collision-free road junction design, Solution of the geometry of the lane widening of transverse and longitudinal declines, canton ramp sections. Introduction of transition curves of various parameters. Determination of the coordinates of all characteristic points of the route. Designing the implementation network and assessing\r\nits accuracy. Preparation of documentation sketches and stake sketches for individual elements of the study. \"Zero measurement\" and fitting the construction grid of the building into the previously\r\nrealized foundation. Development of the measurement results of the verticality of the industrial chimney axis using the directional (angular) method and the projection method. Preparation of a graphic\r\ndesign in the appropriate Monge projections." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Electronic measurement techniques in geodesy"@en . . "3" . "Electromagnetic waves: Spectrum and properties of electromagnetic waves. Wave range used in geodesy. Fundamentals of metrology. Absolute laser distance meter, a basic principle of operation and their classification. Pulse laser distance meter, the timing problem. Phase laser distance meter: wave sources, modulation, photodetectors, reference frequency generators, photometers. Radio wave\r\ndistance meter, the principle of measuring pseudo-range to satellites. Propagation of electromagnetic waves: Atmospheric refraction and its influence on length measurement. Measurement of meteorological conditions. Resistance and thermoelectric thermometers. Aspiration psychrometers. Aneroids and barometers. Distance measurement errors. Comparison of distance meter instruments.\r\nApplication of the interference phenomenon in geodesy. Electronic theodolites. Electronic angle measurement methods: code, dynamic and pulse. Vertical axis tilts compensation methods. Electronic total stations. Lasers: the use of lasers in geodesy. The basic principle of the operation of laser scanners. electronic code levelling instruments: the principle of construction of the levelling instruments and levelling staffs. Types of power sources. Selection of the power source. Unit of length. Determining the accuracy of time measurement - impulse distance meter. Construction of the distance meter - disassembly of the distance meter. Measure the frequency modulation. Determining the frequency correction. Phaseometer. Measurements with phase distance meter (Topcon, Leica, Sokkia, Nikon).\r\nDetermining the prism constant. Working formulas for determining atmospheric correction. Measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity - comparison of meteorological instruments.\r\nElectronic theodolites. Determination of collimation and inclination. Testing the accuracy of the angle measurement. The use of the interference phenomenon in geodesy. Measurement of the length\r\nincrement with the Michelson interferometer. Calibration of the code levelling instruments (DiNi12, Wild NA2003). Transmission of measurement data to a computer (RS232, USB etc.)." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodesy"@en . . "5" . "Lecture: Introduction to geodesy: land surveying and geodesy, the shape of the Earth, an introduction to physical geodesy, the concept of height systems, the natural coordinate system. Rotational ellipsoid as a reference surface: fundamental relationships on the ellipsoid's surface, geodetic coordinates, geodetic line and normal sections, calculation of coordinates, the direct and inverses problems\r\non the ellipsoid. Transformations of GNSS measurement results: introduction to transformation, 7-parameters transformation, affine transformation, the transformation of geodetic latitude and\r\nlongitude coordinates. Reductions of coordinates obtained from GNSS measurements on the reference surface: direct reduction to the ellipsoid surface, reduction in the gravity field, Gauss-Krüger and\r\nUTM maps, reductions to the projection plane, PL-2000 ', PL-1992 and PL-1965 systems. \r\nLaboratory: the geometry of the ellipsoid: spherical excess, ellipsoid parameters and basic relations between them, normal sections and geodesics, geodetic, geocentric and reduced coordinates,\r\nconversion between geodetic, Cartesian and topocentric geodetic coordinate systems <-> xyz <-> NEU), transfer of coordinates: direct task and inverse task - Kivioji and Vincent methods, geodetic\r\nreference systems, coordinate transformations between different systems. Converting geodetic coordinates to state plane coordinate systems; reductions of the observation to the ellipsoid and the\r\nprojection plane." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodesy 2"@en . . "4" . "Lecture: Gravity field models: elements of potential theory, boundary problems of potential theory, expansion of the potential into series of spherical harmonics, the normal gravity field, geodetic reference frame GRS'80, theory of normal spheroid, geodetic effects of tidal phenomena. Outline of the theory of the figure of the Earth: gravimetric reductions and gravimetric anomalies, the basic equation of physical geodesy, the outline of Stokes theory, deflection of the vertical (vertical deviation), astronomical-gravimetric levelling, height systems (dynamic and orthometric heights), the Molodensky concept - normal heights. Changes in the field of gravity with time: tidal force potential, reform potential, geodetic effects of tidal phenomena. Geodetic reference systems: European reference system EUREF, EUREF-POL and POLREF networks, problems of the orientation of reference ellipsoids, European height reference system EVRS. GPS satellite levelling: global, regional and local approaches. Ties the local observation systems with the global system: traverses between satellite points, coming to Total Station measurements. Introduction to the problems of geodynamic research. Project: Precise levelling: technology of levelling measurement, measurement of the height difference on the bench, basic levelling network, checking and adjusting the leveler, measuring the leveling section, developing the results of level measurements, laboratory and field comparison of levelling staffs, analysis of the accuracy of the levelling network measurement, principle of code levellers. Trigonometric levelling: preparation of electronic total stations, measurement technology of trigonometric levelling, trigonometric levelling taking into account the gravity field, the problem of refraction in trigonometric levelling. Power supply for surveying instruments. GPS satellite levelling: geometric heights versus orthometric heights, determination of the geoid height in relation to the WGS-84 ellipsoid, methods of determining the geoid inclination in small areas." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodetic astronomy and geodynamics"@en . . "3" . "ectures: 1) Introduction: astronomy as a discipline, geodesy and geodetic astronomy. Astronomy is the oldest natural science - a historical outline of the development of astronomy and geodesy (studies of the shape and size of the Earth). Spherical astronomy. 2) The Earth and its place in the universe. The structure of the Universe, the Galaxy, the Solar System. 3) Basic coordinate systems used\r\nin geodesy and geodetic astronomy. Orthcartesian, spherical and ellipsoidal system. Definitions of spherical coordinate systems: geographical, equatorial, hourly and horizontal. Astronomical and ellipsoidal geographical coordinates: vertical deviation. 4) The rotational and orbital motion of the Earth and the apparent diurnal motion of the celestial sphere and the apparent annual motion of the Sun. Phenomena of diurnal movement of the celestial sphere. 5) Phenomena resulting from the rotational and orbital movement of the Earth and their impact on the observed positions of celestial\r\nbodies (stars, planets, artificial satellites of the Earth) - aberration and parallax. Refraction for waves in the optical and radio spectrum. 6) Mean sidereal time and real sidereal time, real solar time and average solar time - definitions, dependencies. Longitude-based time dependence, universal time, and zone times. Atomic time, GPS time, coordinated universal and universal time (TU0, TU1, TU2, TUC),\r\nthe relationship between universal time and the parameters of the Earth's rotation (Earth's angle of rotation ERA). 7) The average, apparent and actual coordinates of celestial bodies. Astronomical catalogues and annuals. 8) Geodynamic basis of reference frames. Why in geodesy do we use two frames of reference. International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), International Terrestrial Reference\r\nFrame (ITRF). The International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service (IERS) and its responsibilities. The coordinate transformation from ICRF to ITRF. Observation techniques: VLBI, SLR, LLR, GNSS. Models of movement of tectonic plates. Transformation of Earth coordinates from epoch to epoch. 9) Elements of celestial mechanics: the movement of celestial bodies, the limited task of two\r\nbodies, Kepler's laws. 10) Tidal phenomena in geodesy and astronomy. Exercises: 1) Basics of spherical trigonometry. 2) Astronomical coordinate systems. The transformation between systems. 3)Diurnal movement of the celestial sphere – analysis of phenomena: east and west, culminations, passage through the first vertical and elongation, twilight. 4) Circadian movement of the Sun. Calculation\r\nof sunrise and sunset parameters. 5) Astronomical Yearbook, star catalogues, astronomical software. 6) Tenses used in astronomy and geodesy. Time conversion. 7) Differential formulas of spherical trigonometry. Ephemeris. 8) Apparent places of celestial bodies. Analysis of phenomena affecting changes in apparent coordinates. Analysis of astronomical methods of determining position and azimuth. Algorithms for reducing observations in different cases." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Satellite geodesy"@en . . "4" . "Lecture: the theory of the motion of artificial satellites: Keplerian and perturbed motion; Kepler's laws; elements of the orbit; types of orbits; equation of motion; integration of equations of motion;\nmovement in circular and elliptical orbits; Kepler's equation; orbital and geocentric coordinates of the satellites; elements of a circular orbit; satellites ground track; geostationary satellite and its\napplications; perturbed satellite motion; classification of perturbing forces; osculatory elements; secular, long-term, short-term and diurnal perturbations; perturbations caused by the eccentric\ngravitational field and the atmospheric effect. Techniques of artificial satellites observation: classification of observation techniques; principles of the satellite laser ranging (SLR), altimetric and\ngradiometric measurements; basic information about photographic and Doppler techniques. GNSS measurements: the architecture of GNSS systems; GNSS satellite signal structure; receivers and\nantennas; code and carrier-phase method of measuring the distance to a satellite. Initialization problem in GNSS measurements; absolute and relative methods. GNSS measurement technologies: static,\nfast static, kinematic, RTK/NRTK and DGNSS; GNSS measurement errors; the differencing of GPS observation (single-, double, triple difference), linear combinations of the carrier-phase observations\nand their applicability and their advantages and disadvantages. Other existing and planned global satellite navigation systems: GLONASS, Compass and Galileo systems; system similarities and\ndifferences; the benefits of using them together. Overview of regional satellite navigation systems: EGNOS, QZSS, IRNSS GAGAN etc. Satellite and Ground Augmentation Systems, national augmentation\nsystem ASG-EUPOS. A brief overview of currently operating satellite missions (DORIS, GOCE, CHAMP, GRACE). Laboratory: the theory of the artificial satellite motion; determination of horizontal\ncoordinates of a geostationary satellite; determination of the geocentric coordinates of the GPS satellite based on the broadcast ephemeris; calculation of DOP parameters; planning and field\nmeasurement with the use of static and fast static technology; GNSS data processing - vector determination and GNSS network adjustment; quality evaluation of the results; preparation and field\nmeasurement with the use RTK/NRTK technology; ASG-EUPOS services - rules of use and data formats" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Block c facultative class of limited choice (geodetic displacement measurements) geodetic displacement measurements"@en . . "4" . "Basic concepts and definitions: displacement, deformation, reference system - external and own, control network for the study of displacements, identification of the reference system, calculation of displacements. Reasons for the formation of displacements and deformations. The specificity of geodetic displacement measurements. Determination of vertical displacements by the precision leveling method. Determination of horizontal displacements: incomplete trigonometric network, full trigonometric network, angular-linear network, straight line method. Examples of applications of the GPS\ntechnique for the study of horizontal displacements. Development of measurement results for absolute vertical displacements determined by the precision leveling method. Determination of absolute horizontal displacements with the use of an angular-linear network. Determination of horizontal displacements using the incomplete trigonometric network. Geodetic interpretation of the results of displacement measurements. Methods of measuring relative displacements. Automation of displacement measurements." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Facultative class 2 - internet availability of geodetic data"@en . . "2" . "State geodetic and cartographic repository. Legal basis for the functioning of the resource (Geodetic and Cartographic Law, Act on Spatial Information Infrastructure). Legal bases for sharing geodetic data. Fees. Reporting geodetic works and collecting fees. Web Services. Metadata. National, voivodship, county and commune geoportals. Visit to one of the Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation Centers for practical contact with the national repository." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Facultative class 3 - gnss measurements in geodesy and navigation"@en . . "2" . "Absolute and relative determination of positions from code observations - calculation algorithm. Development of satellite kinematic observations with the use of selected filtering algorithms.\nAugmentation systems (SBAS and GBAS augmentation systems) in GNSS measurements. The use of EGNOS and ASG-EUPOS systems in navigation. The use of NAWGEO, POZGEO and POZGEO D services of the ASG-EUPOS system and selected services of private reference station networks in geodetic works: purpose of the services and examples of their use. The problem of calibrating RTK measurements to a local system, altitude measurements with the use of real-time GNSS-RTN services. Examples of the development of satellite observations and the alignment of GNSS vector networks." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Facultative class 3 - field exercises in geodetic astronomy and selected methods of geophysical prospection"@en . . "2" . "Astronomical and geodetic measurements - determination of the geodetic latitude from the Pole Star, - determining the azimuth of the Earth target from the Pole Star, - determination of geodetic coordinates and geodetic azimuth based on static GNSS observations, - determination of the components deflections of the vertical of the plumb line. Geophysical measurements - determination of the density of surface formations based on the performance of gravimetric observations (Nettleton's method), - measurements using the method of seismic reflection along with\ngeodetic service of such measurements, - measurements of the Earth's magnetic field with a vertical magnetic probe, - conductometric measurements, - surface gravimetric measurements, - GPR measurements, - geodetic service of geophysical works, - preparation of geophysical data: visualization, determination of anomalies, analysis of the residual field (inversion). Exercises carried out as part of a trip for 5 days (Mon-Fri, September period) combined with students of Geological Departments of the University of Warsaw at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in the Center of the European\nGeological Training Center in Chęcny. Classes are conducted in an interdisciplinary manner and include a lecture part, closely related to the program being implemented. Research objects are selected annually in the Chęciny region so that their results are useful." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Facultative class 4 - urban geodesy"@en . . "3" . "Discussion of ways to conduct urban maps, including: the basic map of the city, derivative and theorical maps and ways to update them. Performing complementary measurements, terrain profiles and maps for design purposes for urbanized areas. Geodetic development of a detailed spatial development plan for urban areas. Geodetic issues occurring in the land management of urban areas. Geodetic networks: horizontal basic, detailed, high-altitude notations - characteristics of the basic for the city. Implementation warns for the layout of streets, municipal routes,\nrailway station, workplace, bridge or other engineering facility in highly urbanized areas. Ways of designing, putting on and conservation. Systems of stabilization of urban and implementation systems. Map for the purpose of the first . Regulations and rules for the implementation of design and executive studies. Systems for the implementation of the task in an analytical form along with a vector graphic presentation. Geodetic service for the construction of a residential investment erected using various techniques (from the traditional method through industrial methods to the\nsliding method). Construction and assembly panels for the implementation of construction services. Measurement techniques in geodetic operation of buildings. Examples of innovations in construction. Skyscrapers and technics their geodetic construction service. Road objects and flyover structures, bridges and viaducts in the city area and geodetic works at the design, implementation and operation stages. Control measurements Discussion of the principles of designing tec equipment and indirect methods and techniques of their detection. GESUT as a data\ncollection system on technical utilities. Instructions and legal acts as formal documents regulating the rules of operation of the system. Metro as a legal system of communication and underground construction: – design and provision of a special framework, – construction of tunnels and elements of geodetic service of shield guidance , - control of the shape of the tunnel during and after construction,- monitoring of displacements of the building and their surroundings," . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Field training in geodesy and satellite geodesy 1060-gk000-isp-4010 ćwiczenia terenowe z geodezji wyższej I geodezji satelitarne"@en . . "4" . "1. Establishing of detailed network and situational measurements and height elements using the technique GPS/GNSS and RTK/RTN. 1.1. GPS/GNSS network project and design (detailed networks). 1.2.\r\nAssumption detailed geodetic base by the combined method: • assuming 4 points of the network using the measurement method static GPS/GNSS • checking the total station and rangefinder testing\r\n(determination of the prisim constant) • establishing a traverse between GPS points (electronic total station) by precise polygonization- minimum two points • joint study (adjustment) of the results of\r\nthe GPS measurements and polygonization. 1.3. Situational and altitude measurements GPS-RTK method • transformation local (instantaneous) coordinate system to national system at the points of the\r\nnetwork • detailed development of measurement results - preparation of a fragment of the base map by RTK/RTN method. 2. Leveling and gravimetric measurements in the base vertical network 2.1.\r\nLeveling measurements in basic height network on the line leveling line between GPS points • clasical precise leveling measurements , method of satellite leveling. 2.2. Gravimetric measurement\r\ngravimetric benchmarks of leveling lines with relative method 2.3. Calculation of orthometric and normal corrections - calculation of orthometric and normal heights benchmarks on the leveling line. 2.4. Determination of the undulations of the geoid from the ellipsoid and height anomalies on selected line benchmarks level and comparison with obligatory geoid (quasi-geoid) model - satellite leveling. Accuracy analysis of the leveling line. Leveling precise\r\ntrigonometric. 3. Completion of the final reports" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Satellite geodesy"@en . . "5" . "Accurate mapping and monitoring of changes, e.g., inland topography, sea level and ice sheets, highly rely on the global geodetic observing system (GGOS), compromising various space geodetic techniques such as GNSS and Earth Observation.\r\n\r\nThe course aims to provide a thorough overview of space-based geodetic technologies, including instrumentation, observation techniques, models, methods and monitoring systems to define and maintain the geodetic reference frames to measure precise positions and map the shape and gravity field of the Earth." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Physical geodesy"@en . . "5" . "The Earth's gravity field varies from location to location depending on the composition of the materials in the subsurface. These variations impact the shape of the Earth and cause the water in the oceans not to coincide with a simple surface. The Geoid is an equipotential surface for gravity describing the zero-level surface. On land, the Geoid is needed to compute heights from satellite positioning.\r\n\r\nThe course aims to provide the students with knowledge about the mathematical models and methodology used for describing the Earth's shape and gravity field." . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Introduction to satellite geodesy"@en . . "6.00" . "Learning Outcomes\nThe module includes the fundamental principles of Satellite and Space Geodesy, such as geodetic, astrometric and astronomic reference\nframes and transformations, Earth Orientation, Satellite Orbit determination and introduces the most important space geodetic techniques:\nGNSS, VLBI, SLR, DORIS, Satellite Altimetry, InSAR and Gravity Field Satellite Missions. The main geophysical processes that cause\nchanges of the antenna reference points are discussed as well, within a section on data analysis of space geodetic techniques. The\nstudents of space engineering will gain an initial overview of how Earth observing and navigation satellites as well as ground-based\nobservatories can be used for current geoscientific and astrometric applications involving the analytical concepts of geodesy. The module\nconsists of two parts, a lecture and the associated computer-based exercise, where the most important topics are further illustrated through\npractical examples.\nContent\nConceptual basics of coordinate systems\nTime scales\nTerrestrial reference frames\nCelestial reference frames\nEarth orientation\nOrbit determination\nSpace geodetic techniques: GNSS, VLBI, SLR, DORIS, satellite altimetry, spherical harmonics and gravity field, satellite-based gravity field\ndetermination, methods of space geodetic data analysis" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Satellite geodesy"@en . . "6.00" . "Learning Outcomes\nAfter this module the students are familiar with the most important observation methods in space geodesy and how the data is analysed.\nThey know the strengths and weaknesses of the individual techniques, how they contribute to measure the three pillars of geodesy (Earth\nshape, Earth rotation and Earth gravity field) and what type of phenomena and processes in the Earth system they can observe and\nmonitor. They understand that only the integrated analysis of a variety of complementary sensors allows the separation of different\nprocesses of global change in the Earth system.\nContent\nMeasurement principles of the most important space- and ground-based geodetic observation techniques:\n- Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)\n- Satellite and Lunar Laser Ranging (SLR/LLR)\n- Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS, including GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO,)\n- Doppler Orbitography and Radio positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS)-\n- Ocean and ice altimetry\n- InSAR and gravity field satellite missions and innovative future concepts.\nThe application of these techniques to determine the three pillars of space geodesy:\n- The Earth’s geometry and deformation\n- The Earth orientation and rotation\n- The Earth gravity field and its temporal variations\nFurther topics:\n- Methods to solve huge parameter estimation problems and for time series analyses are explained and applied\n- Estimation/monitoring of station motion and surface deformationd\n- Models of the processes deforming the Earth‘s surface like plate tectonics, post-glacial rebound, solid Earth tides, surface loads\n- Importance of deformation measurements for natural hazards and early warning systems\n- Methods to determine the global gravity field of the Earth and its temporal variability including satellite to satellite tracking, satellite gravity\ngradiometry (SGG) and altimetry\n- Orbit determination methods\n- Static gravity field as reference surface and information about the structures and processes in the Earth‘s interior\n- Geodetic and geophysical models of the Earth orientation and rotation including effects of Sun, Moon and planets, and of the different\ncomponents of the Earth system\n- Comparisons with observed Earth orientation parameters series\n- GNSS remote sensing comprising atmospheric sounding from ground and space, determination of water vapor in the troposphere and the\nelectron density in the ionosphere\n- GNSS reflectometry and scatterometry\n- Importance for meteorology, weather forecasts and climatology" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Satellite geodesy and reference systems"@en . . "10,5" . "Knowledge of satellite-supported methods in the area of geodesy, especially analytical and numerical integration. Knowledge of reference systems used for observation and description of shape, gravitational field and Earth's rotational properties; positioning and navigation in different a different frame of reference" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Altimetry through satellite"@en . . "3.0" . "Information at: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/pt/ucurr_geral.ficha_uc_view?pv_ocorrencia_id=479353" . . "Presential"@en . "FALSE" . . "Geodesy I"@en . . "5" . "Introduction and historical review. Shape and size of the earth. Reference surfaces. Introduction to geodetic observations and methods. Geometry of the sphere and the ellipsoid (basic concepts, ρ, Ν,r). Geodetic coordinates (φ,λ). Arc length. Coordinate systems in two and three dimensions. Basic concepts and determination of reference systems: Astronomic, terrestrial, geodetic system. Topocentric and Geocentric systems. Determination of CGRS ’87. Introduction to map projections. Difference between topographic plane coordinates and projection plane coordinates. Basic computations in the plane and the sphere. Significant digits. Applications. Hatt and Mercator projection used in CGRS ’87. Reductions due to projection. Reference systems transformations. Transformation in the plane (x,y). Translation, rotation and scale. The course consists of field exercise with geodetic instruments (optical, digital, laser levels / tapes / optical squares, disto meters etc.)." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodesy III"@en . . "4" . "Geodetic Networks-Horizontal and Vertical Control Networks-State and local Coordinate Systems. Triangulation-Intersection, Resection. Traversing (high accuracy traverses and networks)-Urban traverse networks. Topographical surveys- Topographical diagrams (by using modern technology): Field work, computations and plotting-Profiling and cross sectioning-Earth work computations. Setting out of straight lines and basic curves-Setting out of roads-Urban applications." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Satellite geodesy"@en . . "4" . "Introduction to Satellite Geodesy and historical review. Reference Systems: Celestial, Sidereal and Terrestrial Systems. Precession, nutation, polar motion. Earth rotation and time. Satellite reference system WGS 84. Reference systems transformations. Geodetic satellites. Satellite motion. Satellite orbits. Satellite observation techniques and methods: Laser Ranging, V.L.B.I., Satellite Positioning- GPS, Satellite Altimetry-SAR. Determination of the earth’s gravity field via satellites. Applications: Tectonics, Reference Systems-ITRF, Geoid, Navigation." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodesy Iv"@en . . "5" . "Introduction. Reference surfaces. Shape and size of the Earth. Geometry of the ellipsoid. Reference systems. Geodetic Datum. Datum transformations. Geodetic networks for horizontal and vertical control. 3D networks. The influence of the atmosphere on geodetic measurements. Field work. Instruments and measurement methods for first order networks. Deflection of the vertical. Astrogeodetic methods. First order levelling, accuracies and computations. Dynamic theory of heights. Corrections and reductions of geodetic measurements on the reference surface. Computations on the ellipsoid for positioning." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Geodesy"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .