. "Climate Change"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Advanced solar physics and space weather"@en . . "4" . "Solar atmosphere: Introduction to the solar atmosphere and solar spectrum. Radiative \ntransfer equation. Radiative transfer in the solar atmosphere. Absorption cross section for \nbound-bound processes. Spectral line profiles. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE). \nExcitation and ionization equilibria. Saha equation. Spectral lines in local thermodynamic \nequilibrium. The Eddington-Barbier Relation. The Planck Function. The Gray Atmosphere. \nGray Limb Darkening in the Eddington Approximation. Solar spectroscopy: Spectral lines and \ncontinua. Line broadening. Zeeman and Stark effects. UV and X-ray spectrum of the Sun. \nMechanisms of solar radio emission. Dynamical processes in the solar atmosphere: Solar \nphotosphere. Solar granulation and supergranulation as an example of convective motion. \nSchwarzschild criterion for convective instability. Observations of solar oscillations. \nHydrodynamic equations. Waves. Basic assumptions used in the construction of the \nphotosphere models. Solar interior and magnetism: Solar interior. Solar dynamo. Solar \nrotation. Observations of solar magnetic field. Overview of main solar magnetic activity \nphenomena: sunspots, flares, coronal mass ejections. Hydrostatic equilibrium. The basic \nequations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Dynamics of coronal magnetic loops and Holes. \nElements of helioseismology. Outer layers of the solar atmosphere: Chromosphere and \nspicules. Transition region. UV and X-ray emission of the solar atmosphere. The Sun in \nmillimeter wavelengths (ALMA). Quiet-Sun corona – observations and models. Coronal holes \nand jets. Modelling of the solar photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Non-Local \nThermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) methods. Construction of semiempirical models. \nTemperature minimum. Heating of the upper solar atmosphere. Solar activity: Observations \nof solar activity. Active regions. Structure of sunspots. Quiescent and active prominences. \nSolar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CME). Eruptions of solar prominences. Flare loops. \nNanoflares and other small scale energetic phenomena in the solar atmosphere. Solar activity \ncycles. Activity behavior over the solar cycle. The Sunspot Number and other indices of \nactivity. Long-term evolution of solar activity. Sun-Earth connections and space weather: \nIntroduction to Sun-Earth connections. Solar wind. Earth magnetosphere and ionosphere. \nEffects of solar activity on Earth atmosphere and magnetosphere. Space weather. Structure \nof the heliosphere. Geomagnetic activity and magnetic storms. Geomagnetic indices. Radio \nemission of the Sun." . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Master in Astrophysics"@en . . "https://international.uni.wroc.pl/en/admission-full-degree-studies/programmes-english/astrophysics" . "no data" . "Presential"@en . "The program comprises only a few mandatory courses that acquaint you with general foundations of astrophysics, necessary computer simulation tools and data analysis methods, as well as selected observational techniques. This is supplemented by a wide range of elective courses enabling you to deepen your knowledge and skills according to your scientific interest. You can follow astronomy- or physics-oriented study track that will prepare you for the Master project held in the Astronomical Institute or the Institute of Theoretical Physics, respectively.\nIn the course of becoming an educated astrophysicist, you will gain expertize in mathematical modeling, computer simulations and advanced data analysis. You will also develop universal research competencies, including analytical and critical thinking, rigorous evidence-based reasoning, creativity and complex problem solving, active learning, as well as communication and teamwork skills."@en . . . . "2"@en . "TRUE" . . "Master"@en . "no data" . "1000.00" . "Euro"@en . "2150" . "no data" . "The modern job market awaits people with your competencies! Upon graduation, you will be capable of working in academy, R&D institutes and centers of education, as well as in various knowledge-based economy branches, including ICT, high-tech industry or financial institutions. However, you will be particularly well-prepared to undertake PhD studies and continue scientific career."@en . "no data" . "TRUE" . "Upstream"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .