. "Stellar Physics"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Stellar formation and circum-estelar medium"@en . . "6.0" . "### Teaching language\n\nEnglish \n_Obs.: As aulas serão em português caso todos dominem esta língua._\n\n### Objectives\n\nThe processes associated with the formation and the early evolution of stars are introduced. The period in analysis includes the molecular clouds formation, the formation of the proto-star and the pre-main-sequence evolution before the star reaches the main sequence. Complementing the theoretical part, we present observational examples of the different stages of evolution of a young star.\n\n### Learning outcomes and competences\n\nAt the end the student will have a global view of the theories of star formation and pre-main sequence stellar evolution. The student will also have a global view over the observational component that is used for the study of molecular clouds, protostars and circumstellar medium.\n\n### Working method\n\nPresencial\n\n### Program\n\nI - Star Formation in our Galaxy\n\n1\\. Overview\n\n1. Stellar Nurseries\n2. Stars and their evolution\n3. The Galactic context\n\n2\\. Interstellar Medium (ISM)\n\n1. Galactic Gas\n2. Phases of the ISM\n3. Insterstellar Dust - Extinsion/Emission - Properties of the grains\n\n3\\. Molecular Clouds\n\n1. Giant Molecular Clouds\n2. Virial Theorem Analysis\n3. Dense Cores\n\n4\\. Young Stellar Systems\n\n1. Embebed Clusters\n2. The Initial Mass Function\n\nII - Physical Processes in Molecular Clouds\n\n1\\. Introduction to Radiative Transfer \n \n2\\. Molecular Transitions\n\n1. Interstellar Molecules\n2. Hydrogen (H2)\n3. Carbon-Monoxide (CO)\n4. Applications of CO\n\n3\\. Heating and Cooling\n\n1. Cosmic Rays\n2. Interstellar Radiation\n3. Cooling by Atoms, Molecules and Dust\n\n4\\. Cloud Thermal Structure\n\n1. The Buildup of Molecules\n2. The Molecular Interior\n\nIII - From Clouds to Stars\n\n1\\. Cloud Equilibrium and Stability\n\n1. Isothermal Spheres and the Jeans Mass\n2. Magnetostatic Configurations\n\n2\\. The Collapse of Dense Cores\n\n1. Ambipolar Diffusion\n2. Inside-Out Collapse\n\n3\\. Protostars\n\n1. First Core and Main Accretion Phase\n\n4\\. Multiple Star Formation\n\n1. Dynamical Fragmentation of Massive Clouds\n\nIV - Pre-Main Sequence Stars\n\n1 - T-Tauri Stars\n\n1. Line and Continuum Emission\n2. Outflow and Infall\n3. Circunstellar Disks\n4. Post-T Tauri Stas and Beyond\n\n2 - Herbig Ae/Be Stars\n\n1. Basic Properties\n2. Gaseous and Debris Disks\n\nV - Accretion discs \n1\\. Theory of standard accretion discs \n\n1. Equations of conservation and the difusion equation\n2. Stationary discs\n3. Boundary conditions\n\n2\\. Observations vs Theory \n\n1. Spectral Energy distribution\n2. Spectral emission from an optically thick steady disc\n3. Sources of excess emission\n\n3\\. Introduction to accretion shock models\n\n### Mandatory literature\n\nStahler Steven W.; [The formation of stars](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000263483 \"The formation of stars (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 3-527-40559-3 \nFrank J.; [Accretion power in astrophysics](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000244780 \"Accretion power in astrophysics (Opens in a new window)\") \n\n### Complementary Bibliography\n\nLee Hartmann; Accretion Processes in Star Formation, Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-521-53199-3 \nDonald E. Osterbrock; [Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000226259 \"Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-935702-22-9 \nGray David F.; [The observation and analysis of stellar photospheres](http://catalogo.up.pt/F/-?func=find-b&local_base=FCUP&find_code=SYS&request=000268080 \"The observation and analysis of stellar photospheres (Opens in a new window)\"). ISBN: 0-521-85186-6 \nPhilip J. Armitage; Astrophysics of Planet Formation, Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-521-88745-8 \n\n### Teaching methods and learning activities\n\nMultimedia presentations and Tutorial guidance. \n \nThe support material of the course will be available via the Moodle UP, including a copy of the slides used. There is a main reference book that is the main bibliography, but for some components of the course complementary bibliography and/or scientific articles may be used.\n\n### Software\n\nPython \nLatex \n\n### keywords\n\nPhysical sciences \nPhysical sciences > Astronomy \nPhysical sciences > Astronomy > Astrophysics \n\n### Evaluation Type\n\nDistributed evaluation with final exam\n\n### Assessment Components\n\nExam: 70,00%\nPractical assignment or project: 30,00%\n\n**Total:**: 100,00%\n\n### Amount of time allocated to each course unit\n\nPresentation/discussion of a scientific work:10,00 hours\nAutonomous study: 70,00 hours\nFrequency of lectures: 42,00 hours\nWritten assignment: 40,00 hours\n\n**Total:**: 162,00 hours\n\n### Eligibility for exams\n\nThe student has frequency to the course if he/she misses no more than 1/3 of the planned classes.\n\n### Calculation formula of final grade\n\nThe final grade is obtained through three components: \n1) 70% - a final written exam \n2) 20% - computational work developped during the semester with a final written report \n3) 10% - presentation and discussion of the computational work.\n\n### Examinations or Special Assignments\n\nPratical work task with written report and presentation. This task will be done throughout the semester.\n\n### Classification improvement\n\nThe student may improve the classification in the written exam (weight of 70% in the final classification). It will not be possible to improve the classification in the pratical work task\n\nMore information at: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/ucurr_geral.ficha_uc_view?pv_ocorrencia_id=498808" . . "Presential"@en . "TRUE" . . "Master in Astronomy and Astrophysics"@en . . "https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_origem=cur&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_curso_id=871" . "120"^^ . "Presential"@en . "The main objective of the Master of Astronomy is to complement and extend the training of graduate students in astronomy, physics, mathematics and related fields. In particular, in order to improve their preparation for a research career in Astronomy, through their subsequent enrolment in a Doctoral Programme in Astronomy.\n\n### Admissions Requirements\n\nApplicants to the Second Cycle (Master) in Astronomy must hold a First Cycle (Bachelor) degree (minimum of 180 ECTS credits) or equivalent (including higher education foreign degrees), whose curriculum includes at least 30 ECTS credits, or equivalent, in Mathematics and Physics, including a minimum of 12 ECTS credits in each of these scientific areas. Candidates that may verify these conditions before the end of the registration period in the Master in Astronomy can also apply. Holders of an academic, scientific or professional curriculum that is recognised as attesting the capacity to successfully complete this cycle of studies by the Scientific Committee of the Master in Astronomy may also be admitted. \n\n### Criteria for Selection and Ranking\n\nThe ranking will be done according to the following criteria and sub-criteria:\n\n* 1.1 - Academic curriculum (training area and average grade) (80%)\n * 1.1.1 - Subcriterion 1: training area (40%)\n * 1.1.2 - Subcriterion 2: average and adequacy of the degree (40%)\n* 1.2 - Scientific curriculum and professional experience (20%)\n * 1.2.1 - Subcriterion 1: technical and/or scientific publications and communications (10%)\n * 1.2.2 - Subcriterion 2: participation in research projects, internships in the area of the cycle of studies or other relevant professional experience (10%)\n\n \nNote: Candidates who do not yet hold a Bachelor's degree and/or have an academic, scientific or professional curriculum which is recognized as attesting the capacity to carry out this cycle of studies by the statutory competent scientific body, will be ranked according to the criteria and subcriteria indicated above, with the difference that the final average mark of the degree will be replaced by the weighted average mark of all curricular units completed to date. \n \n**Candidates' tiebreaker criterion:** greater number of ECTS credits obtained in the area of the cycle of studies.\n\n### Teaching Language\n\n* Fully in English\n\n### Information\n\nIt is highly desirable that candidates possess programming skills and a good written and oral command of the English language.\n\n### Contacts\n\nCourse Director: m.ast.diretor@fc.up.pt\n\nPostgraduate Section: pos.graduacao@fc.up.pt\n\nStudents: m.ast@fc.up.pt\n\n### General information\n\n* Information for applicants: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_info_cand_view?pv_curso_id=871&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\nDirector: Catarina Lobo\n\nAcronym: M:A_ASTR\n\nAcademic Degree: Master\n\nType of course/cycle of study: Masters Degree\n\nStart: 2007/2008\n\nDuration: 4 Semesters\n\n### Study Plan\n\n* Plano de Estudos oficial desde 2013/14: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_planos_estudos_view?pv_plano_id=6001&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\n* All Courses of Study: https://sigarra.up.pt/fcup/en/cur_geral.cur_planos_estudos_list?pv_curso_id=871&pv_ano_lectivo=2022&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=m&pv_origem=cur \n\n### Certificates\n\n* Master's degree in Astronomy and Astrophysics (120 ECTS credits)\n* Specialization in Astronomy and Astrophysics (66 ECTS credits)\n\n### Predominant Scientific Areas\n\n* Astronomy\n* Physics"@en . . . . "2"@en . "FALSE" . . . "Master"@en . "Thesis" . "1300.00" . "Euro"@en . "3750.00 (International) / 2250.00 (CPLP)" . "Recommended" . "* Researcher: Researchers in astronomy work on a variety of projects, from studying the formation of stars and galaxies to searching for exoplanets. They typically work in universities, research institutes, or government agencies.\n* Engineer: Engineers in astronomy develop and build instruments for astronomical observations. They also work on software for data analysis and visualization.\n* Consultant: Consultants in astronomy work with businesses and government agencies to apply astronomical knowledge to solve problems. For example, they may help to develop new technologies for space exploration or to assess the risks of asteroid impacts.\n* Science communicator: Science communicators in astronomy share the excitement of astronomy with the public through writing, public speaking, and media appearances. They may work in museums, science centers, or the media."@en . "1"^^ . "TRUE" . "Upstream"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .