Measuring is essential to characterize and explain processes in the Earth system, and a first step to assess, model and predict
natural processes and human activities in and their impact on the Earth system. Electromagnetic, seismic and gravity potential-
field observations inform us about a wide range of phenomena in the ocean, atmosphere, land surface, cryosphere and sub-
surface. The measurements can be acquired from spaceborne, airborne, surface and sub-surface-based sensors.
This programme core module aims to enable students i) to explain and apply the physical principles underlying the
measurements, and ii) to assess what type of measurement could be used best to determine certain geophysical variables. For
example, students will learn how electromagnetic theory allows to use the intensity of radar echoes to yield information about
rain rate, soil moisture, ocean roughness, or the layering of the subsurface. Similarly, they will learn how potential field theory
can be applied to quantify mass changes of, e.g., the ice sheets. Students will be able to weigh the advantages and disadvantages
of, for example, microwave versus visible and near-infrared observations for monitoring the Earth surface, and seismic and
electromagnetic imaging in mapping the subsurface
