Tasks of geodesy as a science and as a field of engineering activity. An introduction to spatial reference systems (the physical surface of the Earth, geoid, rotational ellipsoid and its projection onto a plane). Equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity as a reference surface for geodetic measurements. Geodetic measurements (their essence, systematics, tools, measurement technique and preliminary elaboration of the results). Geodetic novel: essence, definition and systematics. Horizontal angle and vertical angle and their measurement. Calculus of coordinates on a plane. Measurement errors and
their classification. Elements of the theory of errors: definition of measurement, the concept of mean error and weights, mean error of the function. The essence of alignment. Alignment of the traverse and the traverse network using the approximate method. Methodology of calculating the surface area. Large-scale map (traditional and contemporary) and the process of its creation. Basics of the construction of geodetic instruments (theodolite, leveler, electronic total station). Methods of checking and rectifying instruments. Methods of geodetic measurements for the preparation of the base map. Classification of field details and technical regulations for their measurement. Designing, setting up, measuring and calculating detailed networks. The influence of the environment on the results of geodetic measurements, the phenomenon of refraction.
Design exercises. Fundamentals of surveying calculations. Angular measures. Scales and graduations. Distance measurement with steel tape and electro-optical rangefinder. Calculus of coordinates on the plane - clearly determinable structures (angular intersections forward and backward, linear intersection, rectangular offsets). Polygonization. Initial error messages, equally and unequally accurate
observations, weighting, calculation of the mean error of the observation function. Approximate alignment of strings and traverse networks. Electronic devices for large-scale mapping. Development ofthe map first draft. Calculating the surface area.
